Name: 鯊魚是如何利用電力來感知獵物的？ (How Sharks Use Electricity To Sense Prey)
Uploaded: 2020-12-22T18:20:43.000Z
Duration: 5 min 43 s

The five senses tell us everything we need to know about our surroundings.

五官告訴我們需要了解周圍環境的一切。

With smell, taste, touch, sight, and hearing, we're able to understand the makeup of everything around us.

通過嗅覺、味覺、觸覺、視覺和聽覺，我們能夠了解周圍一切事物的構成。

But, for some animals, there's a sixth sense, and it's practically invisible.

但是，對於一些動物來說，還有第六感，而且幾乎是看不見的。

No, it's not the force or whatever mystical power you're thinking of.

不，這不是力量，也不是你想的什麼神祕力量。

It's an uncanny ability to sense disturbances in electric currents.

這是一種超乎尋常的能力，能感知電流的干擾。

So in all living organisms there's a natural voltage created by the difference in the concentration

所以在所有的生物體中，都有一個自然的電壓，由濃度的差異產生。

of ions within the body, compared to the outside environment.

與外界環境相比，體內離子的含量。

This is something that plants and animals need to maintain homeostasis.

這是植物和動物維持穩態所需要的東西。

Any muscular movement can create a small electrical current, which includes your muscle movements

任何肌肉運動都能產生小電流，其中包括你的肌肉運動。

It's actually what's being picked up from a heartbeat to make this.

其實就是被人從心底裡撿到的東西來做這個。

Now there are two ways that animals use electro reception.

現在有兩種方式，動物使用電接收。

They either use their own electric currents to sense how those currents bounce back to

它們要麼利用自己的電流來感知這些電流是如何反彈回來的。

interpret their surroundings, or they pick up the electric currents already being produced

解釋他們的周圍環境，或者他們拾取已經產生的電流。

Electroreception is most common in some amphibians and fish,

電感在一些兩棲動物和魚類中最為常見。

because salt water is a fantastic conductor of electricity, especially compared to air.

因為鹽水是一種神奇的導電體，尤其是與空氣相比。

But bees have also been found to use electric fields to assess pollen in flowers.

但也有人發現蜜蜂會利用電場來評估花朵中的花粉。

And some mammals have the sixth sense too,

notably the platypus, echidna, and the Guiana dolphin.

尤其是鴨嘴獸、針鼴鼠和蓋亞那海豚。

But sharks are truly some of the best at using electroreception because they're so sensitive.

但鯊魚確實是最擅長使用電感應的動物，因為它們非常敏感。

In addition to their strong muscles, aerodynamic shape and specialized fins, this sixth sense

除了它們強壯的肌肉、空氣動力學的外形和專門的鰭，這種第六感

helps sharks to be the talented hunters they are famous for.

幫助鯊魚成為著名的天才獵手。

Great white sharks are so sensitive, they can detect 1,000,000th

大白鯊是如此的敏感，它們可以探測到1,000,000分之一的時間。

of a volt in a milliliter of seawater, and maybe even less than that.

毫升海水中的一伏特，甚至可能比這更少。

According to a study by the University of Birmingham, this is like connecting a double

根據伯明翰大學的一項研究，這就像連接雙

A battery to a pole dipped off the coast of New York, with a pole off the coast of Florida.

一塊電池到紐約海岸的電線杆浸泡，佛羅里達海岸的電線杆。

Theoretically, a shark swimming between those two points could actually tell when a battery

理論上來說，鯊魚在這兩點之間遊動，其實是可以判斷出什麼時候有電池的。

是開機還是關機，這是野生的。

That's a sensitivity better than most state-of-the-art equipment used by electrical engineers.

這個靈敏度比電氣工程師使用的大多數最先進的設備都要好。

It's all due to a specialized sensory organ in sharks and rays called the ampullae of

這都是由於鯊魚和鰩魚的一種特殊的感覺器官 叫做 "安培 "的緣故。

Lorenzini named after Italian physician Stephano Lorenzini who discovered it back in

Lorenzini的名字來源於意大利醫生Stephano Lorenzini，他早在1996年就發現了它。

If you look underneath the shark's head you'll see an array of practically symmetrical dots.

如果你看一下鯊魚的頭下面，你會看到一排幾乎對稱的小點。

These are pores connecting jelly-filled tubes to bulb-like structures in the shark's head

這些是連接果凍填充管和鯊魚頭部球狀結構的孔隙

So picture fish swimming through the ocean, naturally giving off electric currents, because

所以想象魚兒在海里遊動，自然會發出電流，因為

As the shark swims through the water, these electric fields travel

當鯊魚在水中游動時，這些電場會在水中移動

into the pores under its head through the tubes to the ampullae.

通過管子進入其頭下的孔隙中，再到安瓿。

These tiny hairs read the signals and use a network of nerves to send a message to the

這些細小的毛髮能讀取信號，並利用神經網絡將資訊傳遞給大腦。

This gives the shark exact dimensions and location of the fish, helping the shark catch

這樣可以給鯊魚提供準確的尺寸和魚的位置，幫助鯊魚捕獲

It's fascinating because if you think about it, there's so much electrical noise going

這很有趣，因為如果你仔細想想，有這麼多的電子噪音去。

Besides all the animal and plant life, the  salinity, temperature, water movement and acidity, all

除了所有的動植物外，鹽度、溫度、水的運動和酸度，所有的

produce a voltage that a shark can pick up.

So to be able to distinguish prey amid all the noise is beyond impressive.

所以能夠在所有的噪音中分辨出獵物，是無比了不起的。

In practice, a shark will use all of its senses to hunt.

在實踐中，鯊魚會用它所有的感官去捕獵。

From far away a shark would smell and hear its prey.

遠處的鯊魚會聞到和聽到獵物的聲音。

Vision and taste would kick in upon closer range.

視覺和味覺會在近距離時啟動。

electroreception precisely locates the prey and tells the shark how to orient

電感應精確地定位獵物並告訴鯊魚如何定向

This is why when I dove with tiger sharks in the Bahamas, they only turned away from

這就是為什麼當我在巴哈馬和虎鯊一起潛水時 它們只對虎鯊敬而遠之。

me once they were in extremely close range.

我，一旦他們在極近的範圍內。

I had actually just gently kind of put my hand on their, you know the tip of their nose

我其實只是輕輕地把我的手放在他們的，你知道他們的鼻尖上。

And just redirect them, so they weren't about to just bump their face into mine.

而只是調整他們的方向，所以他們並不打算就這樣把臉撞到我的臉上。

It was unreal during those dives I was just sitting at the bottom of the sandbar just

在那些潛水過程中，我只是坐在沙洲的底部，這是不真實的。

它就像一個小小的交通指揮員。

Just, just moving sharks out of the way, and it was pure magic.

只是，只是把鯊魚移開，這純粹是魔法。

scientists believe that sharks also use electroreception to sense potential predators,

科學家認為，鯊魚也會利用電感應來感知潛在的捕食者。

Research is also being done on how electric currents could repel sharks from fishing hooks.

電流如何驅趕魚鉤上的鯊魚也在研究之中。

This could help protect sharks against dangerous fishing techniques that kill sharks as bycatch

這可以幫助保護鯊魚，防止危險的捕魚技術將鯊魚作為副漁獲物殺死。

This research could also help find a way to repel sharks from swimmers and surfers.

這項研究還可以幫助找到一種方法來驅趕游泳者和衝浪者的鯊魚。

Of course over the years, sharks have gotten a bad reputation that they really don't deserve.

當然這些年來，鯊魚得到了一個壞名聲，它們真的不值得。

Sharks are incredibly intelligent and beautiful animals.

鯊魚是非常聰明和美麗的動物。

Each year there are only about 140 shark attacks on humans, and many of those are provoked

每年只有大約140起鯊魚襲擊人類的事件，其中很多都是被挑起的。

by spear fishers or humans interacting with sharks in their natural habitat in an inappropriate

由魚叉捕魚者或人類在其自然棲息地與鯊魚進行不適當的互動造成的

Compare that to the nearly 100 million sharks killed by humans, each year.

與每年被人類殺死的近1億條鯊魚相比，。

I think people are so fearful of sharks for a couple reasons anytime you have a big mega

我認為人們如此害怕鯊魚有幾個原因，只要你有一個大的超大型的

predator, there's a fear associated with that.

掠奪者，有一種恐懼與之相關。

I also think there's a fear, that's secondary to media, and a lot of this comes from the

我也認為有一種恐懼，那是次要的媒體，而這種恐懼很多來自於

movie Jaws, which is a phenomenal movie, but it created a lot of fear for people of sharks.

電影《大白鯊》，這是一部現象級的電影，但它給人們帶來了很多對鯊魚的恐懼。

And then of course, anytime there's a shark attack the whole world hears about it.

當然，只要有鯊魚襲擊，全世界都會聽到。

I mean they look fierce, they are fierce, their teeth are different, they're made of cartilage

我的意思是他們看起來很凶猛，他們很凶猛，他們的牙齒是不同的，他們是由軟骨組成的。

and all their adaptations are so fascinating to me and they really are some of the most beautiful

他們所有的改編對我來說是如此的迷人 他們真的是一些最美麗的。

Thanks for watching Seeker's new series Tusks to Tails, I'm Evan Antin and I hope you enjoyed

感謝收看Seeker的新系列《從牙到尾》，我是Evan Antin，希望你喜歡。

If there's an animal you want us to cover, leave us a comment.

如果有你希望我們報道的動物，請給我們留言。