Name: 為什麼猴子（和人類）都有公平的天賦｜莎拉-布魯斯南。 (Why monkeys (and humans) are wired for fairness | Sarah Brosnan)
Uploaded: 2020-12-21T18:11:46.000Z
Duration: 12 min 52 s

Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta

謄寫者：伊萬娜-科羅姆 審稿人：克瑞斯蒂安-阿帕爾塔Krystian Aparta

My first year in graduate school, studying cooperation in monkeys,

我讀研究所學生的第一年，研究猴子的合作。

just watching our groups of capuchin monkeys interact.

只是看著我們這群捲尾猴的互動。

One afternoon, I was out back feeding peanuts to one of our groups,

一天下午，我在後面給我們一個小組喂花生。

which required distracting one of our males, Ozzie,

這就需要分散我們的一個男性，奧齊的注意力。

enough so that the other monkeys could get some.

足夠讓其他猴子也能得到一些。

and he always tried to do anything he could to grab some.

他總是想盡一切辦法去搶奪一些。

he began trying to bring other things from his enclosure to me

他開始嘗試把其他東西從他的圍欄裡拿出來給我看。

and trade them with me in order to get a peanut.

Now, capuchins are smart, so this wasn't necessarily a surprise.

現在，capuchins是聰明的，所以這不一定是個驚喜。

was that some of the things that he was bringing me,

I was pretty sure he liked better than peanuts.

我很確定他喜歡比花生更好的東西。

First, he brought me a piece of monkey chow,

and for a monkey, is about as worthless as it gets.

而對於一隻猴子來說，也是一文不值。

Of course, I didn't give him a peanut for that.

當然，我並沒有是以給他一顆花生。

and eventually, he brought me a quarter of an orange

最後，他給我帶來了四分之一的橙子。

and tried to trade it with me for a peanut.

並試圖用它和我交換一個花生。

Now, oranges are a valuable monkey commodity,

現在，橘子是一種價值連城的猴貨。

so this trade seemed, shall I say, a little bit nuts?

所以這個交易看起來，我應該說，有點瘋狂？

Now you may be wondering how we know what monkeys prefer.

現在你可能想知道我們怎麼知道猴子喜歡什麼。

by giving them a choice between two foods

Generally speaking, their preferences are a lot like ours:

一般來說，他們的喜好和我們很像。

the sweeter it is, the more they like it.

So, much like humans prefer cupcakes to kale,

所以，就像人類喜歡吃紙杯蛋糕而不是甘藍一樣。

monkeys prefer fruits, like oranges or grapes,

猴子喜歡吃水果，比如橘子或葡萄。

而這一切的一切，都是為了猴年馬月。

However, they definitely don't prefer them to a chunk of orange.

不過，比起一大塊橙子，他們絕對不喜歡它們。

So when Ozzie tried to trade a quarter of an orange for a peanut,

所以當Ozzie想用四分之一個橙子換一個花生的時候。

and I began to wonder if he suddenly wanted that peanut

我開始懷疑他是不是突然想吃花生了？

because everybody else in his group was getting one.

因為在他的團隊中，其他人都得到了一個。

In case you're wondering, I did give Ozzie his peanut.

如果你想知道，我確實給了Ozzie他的花生。

But then I went straight to my graduate adviser,

但後來我直接找了我的研究所學生導師。

when somebody else in their group got a better reward than they did

當他們小組中的其他人比他們得到更好的獎勵時，他們就會得到更好的獎勵

以及如果他們成功地做到了這一點。

The catch was that one monkey always got a piece of cucumber,

問題是，有一隻猴子總是能得到一塊黃瓜。

and the other monkey sometimes got a piece of cucumber,

而另一隻猴子有時會得到一塊黃瓜。

Winter, on the right, is trading for a grape,

右邊的冬天，正在換取一顆葡萄。

and Lance, on the left, is trading for a cucumber.

和蘭斯，在左邊，是交易的黃瓜。

You can see that she -- and yes, Lance is actually a female --

你可以看到，她 - 是的，蘭斯實際上是一個女性 -

is at first perfectly happy with her cucumber,

until she sees Winter trading for a grape.

直到她看到Winter用葡萄做交易。

Suddenly, Lance is very enthusiastic about trading.

突然間，蘭斯對交易的熱情非常高漲。

She gets her cucumber, takes a bite and then --

她拿到黃瓜，咬了一口，然後... ...

Meanwhile, Winter trades again and gets another grape

同時，Winter再次交易，又得到一顆葡萄。

and has Lance's undivided attention while she eats it.

並有蘭斯的全神貫注，而她吃了它。

Lance is not so enthusiastic about trading.

But when she gets the cucumber this time around,

when she hasn't just watched Winter eat a grape.

當她不只是看著Winter吃葡萄的時候。

All of my capuchins were perfectly happy with their cucumbers

我所有的捲尾猴都對他們的黃瓜非常滿意。

as long as the other monkeys were getting cucumbers too.

只要其他猴子也能吃到黃瓜就好。

But they often weren't so happy with their cucumbers

但他們往往對自己的黃瓜不是很滿意。

and scientists are famously shy about reading too much into our studies,

科學家們都很害羞，不願意過多地閱讀我們的研究。

especially when it comes to what other animals

But still, what I was seeing in my monkeys

但我在我的猴子身上看到的還是...

looked an awful lot like what we humans would call a sense of fairness.

看起來很像我們人類所說的公平感。

the difference in that cucumber was that it came after Winter got a grape,

那根黃瓜的不同之處在於，它是在鼕鼕吃到葡萄之後才出現的。

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為什麼猴子（和人類）都有公平的天賦｜莎拉-布魯斯南。 (Why monkeys (and humans) are wired for fairness | Sarah Brosnan)

literally

eventually

apparently

recognize