come from how does it spread how infectious is it  and is it mutating to become more contagious well  

它是怎麼來的？ 它是如何傳播的？ 它的傳染性如何？

today we're going to clear up perhaps the biggest  question of all if this virus is mutating what  

今天我們要弄清楚的也許是最大的問題 如果這種病毒是變異的，那是什麼？

does it mean for us but first let's just make sure  that we're all on the same page about mutation  

這對我們意味著什麼，但首先讓我們只是確保 我們都在同一頁上的突變。

mutations are essentially changes to an organism's  genetic material that can happen at any phase of  

突變本質上是對生物體遺傳物質的改變，可以發生在生物體的任何階段。

life they can happen for a whole host of reasons  like if dna or rna does a sloppy job at copying  

生活中，他們可以發生的原因有很多，比如如果DNA或RNA在複製時做了一個馬虎的工作。

itself during cell division or if an organism  is exposed to damaging environmental factors  

在細胞分裂過程中或生物體暴露在破壞性的環境因素中時，其自身也會受到影響

such as smog or uv light mutations can affect any  aspect of an organism's life from its appearance  

如煙霧或紫外線突變可以影響生物體生命的任何方面，從它的外觀。

to its behavior or they can have absolutely  no effect at all and while mutation rates  

的行為，或者它們可以完全沒有影響，而突變率

are naturally higher in viruses than say humans  mutations are in fact absolutely essential to the  

在病毒中自然比說人類更高的突變其實是絕對必要的。

evolution of all life forms so the term mutation  i think has lots of connotations but mutation  

所有生命形式的進化 所以突變這個詞我認為有很多內涵，但突變

itself you can just think of it really as being a  change and that's all it is it's a small change in  

你可以把它看成是一個變化，這就是所有的變化，它是一個小小的變化

the genome at a certain position in the genome  and all organisms mutate it's not a surprise  

基因組中的某一位置，所有的生物都會發生變異，這並不奇怪。

that we have a virus that is mutating in fact  that's absolutely normal mutations are generally  

我們有一個病毒，正在突變 事實上，這是絕對正常的突變一般是

really simple things an a and the virus's  genetic code might change to a t or a g to a c  

真正簡單的事情一個a和病毒的基因密碼可能會改變為t或g到c。

these letters specify particular nucleotides or  bases in a gene at some point early on in the  

這些字母指定了基因中特定的核苷酸或鹼基，在基因的早期某個階段。

pandemic one of the viruses 30 000 letters jumped  resulting in a protein d to g change creating a  

大流行的病毒之一30000個字母跳躍導致蛋白質d到g的變化，產生了一個

mutation in a paper published in early 2020 a team  from the los alamos national laboratory suggested  

在2020年初發表的一篇論文中，一個來自洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室的團隊提出了突變。

that this mutation was causing sar cov2 to be more  contagious by allowing the virus to enter cells  

該突變使SAR cov2的傳染性增強，使病毒能夠進入細胞。

more efficiently d614g is probably the most  famous mutation in the sars cog2 genome it  

更有效地d614g可能是最著名的突變在菝葜cog2基因組它。

was really the first one that people picked up  as potentially interesting and then since then  

是真正的第一個被人們發現的潛在的有趣的，然後從那時起

there's really been an explosion of studies to  try and understand what this mutation might do  

真的有一個爆炸性的研究 試圖瞭解什麼 這種突變可能做的

there's currently no strong or good evidence that  this mutation changes the severity of disease or  

目前沒有有力或良好的證據表明這種突變會改變疾病的嚴重性或

really affects how the disease manifests itself  when it was first reported in march this mutation  

真的會影響疾病的表現，當它第一次被報道在三月這個突變。

was only found in a few of the genetic sequences  that were available to scientists at the time and  

只在當時科學家所能獲得的少數基因序列中發現，而

was mostly present in europe but by april it was  present in over half of the available sequences  

大部分出現在歐洲，但到了4月，超過一半的現有序列中都出現了它。

and had expanded globally today this mutation  is so widespread that it isn't just a deviation  

並在全球範圍內擴展到今天，這種突變是如此的廣泛，它不只是一個偏差

from the pandemic it is the pandemic luck  is really an important contribution it's not  

從大流行它是大流行的運氣真的是一個重要的貢獻，它是不

inconceivable that we had a subset of the viral  population that was for example introduced into  

不可思議的是，我們有一個病毒種群的子集，例如被引入到

europe or eurasia where we really had very few  interventions in place that pocket of viruses  

歐洲或歐亞大陸，我們真的有 很少干預的地方，病毒的口袋裡，

expanded very happily and readily until we had for  example lockdowns we should also keep in mind that  

非常愉快和容易地擴大，直到我們有例如鎖定我們也應該牢記。

this mutation is not found on its own so it's  found with three others almost 100 of the time  

這種突變不是單獨出現的，所以幾乎100次都是和其他三個一起出現的。

and so this is quite consistent with the idea that  we might have this ancestral virus that happens to  

是以，這是很一致的想法，我們可能有這種祖先的病毒，發生在

have these four mutations it gets introduced to  regions of the world it proliferates and actually  

有這四種突變，它就會被引進到世界上的地區，它就會增殖，事實上

we see these mutations at really very high  frequency if we look at stars cos2 now around the  

我們看到這些突變的頻率非常高，如果我們看一下現在的恆星cos2周圍的情況

world maybe 80 of them actually carry this set of  four mutations and so we certainly can't ignore it  

世界上可能有80人真的攜帶這四種突變，所以我們當然不能忽視它。

so are these mutations just par for the course or  are they contributing to the emergence of entirely  

所以，這些突變只是順理成章的事情，或者說它們有助於出現完全的

new strains different from the original one  that first left wuhan in 2019 well this is where  

與原來不同的新菌種，在2019年首次離開武漢，好在這是哪裡

things get a little murky there's still no clear  evidence that sar cov2 has evolved into forms that  

事情變得有點模糊 仍然沒有明確的證據表明Sar cov2已經進化到的形式是

are significantly different from the dominant  strain that we're familiar with in fact there's  

與我們熟悉的優勢菌株有明顯的不同，事實上有

no real consensus in the scientific community on  how many strains of the coronavirus even exist  

科學界對冠狀病毒有多少株沒有真正的共識。

or even if more than one strain exists at all  and the reason for that might be because there's  

甚至如果根本不只一個菌株存在，原因可能是有一個。

no universally accepted definition for strain  to begin with generally we would use the word  

首先，應變沒有一個公認的定義，一般我們會用 "應變 "這個詞。

strain where we see marked differences between  pathogens based on their functional behavior  

菌株，我們看到病原體之間基於其功能行為的顯著差異。

that's not what we see in sars cog2 if we look  at the genomic diversity of this particular virus  

這不是我們所看到的在菝葜cog2 如果我們看看基因組的多樣性 這種特殊的病毒

it's still really very low so low that if you  took a sample from an infected patient in china  

它仍然是真的很低，以至於如果你從中國的感染患者的樣本。

and a sample from someone in the u.s those  samples would be different only by a handful  

和美國人的樣本，這些樣本只相差一小部分。

of changes although those changes might still  provide information about how the virus transmits  

的變化，儘管這些變化仍可能提供有關病毒如何傳播的資訊。

which leads us to the final question what  does this mutation mean for us we need to  

這就引出了最後一個問題 這個突變對我們意味著什麼？

be very aware of the regions that our vaccines  or antibody therapies are targeting the vast  

疫苗或抗體療法所針對的區域，我們要非常清楚。

majority of these are targeting the spike protein  and so we particularly are looking for mutations  

大多數這些都是針對尖峰蛋白的，所以我們特別是在尋找突變

in that region d614g falls slightly outside of  what we would call the the most important region  

在該區域，d614g略微超出了我們所說的最重要的區域。

of the spike protein at the same time any of these  mutations which have been observed in this region  

穗蛋白的同時，在該區域觀察到的任何這些突變。

are still really at very low frequency and this  gives us plenty of opportunity to characterize  

仍然是真正的低頻，這給了我們足夠的機會來描述。

their potential impact for now we watch we  relate and we monitor any lingering questions  

他們的潛在影響，目前我們觀察，我們相關，我們監測任何殘留的問題。

about mutation and its potential effects on  future covin 19 treatments or do you have any  

關於突變及其對未來covin19治療的潛在影響，或者你有任何的。

other coven 19 related stories that you want to  see us cover let us know down in the comments  

其他的集會19相關的故事，你想看到我們覆蓋，讓我們知道了在評論下來

make sure to subscribe to seeker for more coven  19 coverage and as always thank you so much for

一定要訂閱看客更多的Coven 19的報道，並一如既往地感謝你這麼多。

watching you

看著你