Name: 【TED-Ed】瘟疫是如何散播-How pandemics spread - Mark Honigsbaum(H7N9禽流感的可怕性)
Uploaded: 2013-04-07T16:08:04.000Z
Duration: 8 min

We live in an interconnected, an increasingly globalized world.

我們住在一個彼此連緊，越來越一體化的世界

can be in any city on the planet in a matter of hours.

可以在數小時內到達世上任何一個城市

sometimes all it takes is one sneeze to spread

只不過一個噴嚏便可以把這個感染

When humans were hunter-gatherers, roaming the wild savannas,

當人類還是獵人和採摘者，在曠野的大草原遊蕩

to sustain the transmission of infectious microbes.

給有傳染性的細菌有機會傳開去

But with the advent of the agricultural revolution

但隨着農業革命於一萬年前來臨

10,000 years ago, and the arrival of permanent settlements

in the Middle East, people began living side-by-side with animals,

facilitating the spread of bacteria and viruses

Epidemics and pandemics come in many shapes and forms.

流行病和大型流行病有許多形態和形式

forcing thousands of people into temporary refugee camps.

數以千計的人被迫要入住臨時難民營

Within weeks, the camps had become breeding grounds for cholera,

數星期內這些難民營成為霍亂菌的温床

But the most common cause of epidemics are viruses,

And when they go global, we call them pandemics.

當流行病傳至世界各地，我們便稱之為大型流行病

Pandemics have occurred throughout human history,

大型流行病在人類歷史中多次出現

Some have left scars on the tissue and bone of their victims,

有些流行病會在受感染者的器官和骨上留下疤痕

while evidence for others comes from preserved DNA.

我們也可從受感染者身上找到病毒留下的DNA

For instance, scientists have recovered DNA

比如，科學家便從古埃及的木乃尹

from the bacteria that transmits tuberculosis

from the remains of ancient Egyptian mummies.

scientists investigating a plague pit in the city of London

were able to reconstruct the genome of Yersinia pestis,

the bacterium responsible for the Black Death of the 14th century.

而這細菌正是14世紀黑死病的原兇

It is thought the plague originated in China

the caravan route running from Mongolia to the Crimea.

即是由蒙古至克里米亞的商旅路線

In 1347, the plague reached the Mediterranean,

到了1400年，它已令超過三千四百萬

34 million Europeans, earning it the title,

It was later historians who called it the Black Death.

However, by far the greatest pandemic killer

然而，導致最多人死亡的大流行病

Flu is constantly circulating between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres.

流感不停地在南北半球之間流傳

seasonal flus occur every autumn and winter.

As the majority of children and adults will have been exposed to the virus in previous seasons,

由於大部份兒童和成人都在過去的季節遇過這病毒

Usually this occurs when a wild flu virus

meets a pig virus, and they exchange genes.

and has occurred throughout human history.

The first recorded pandemic occurred in 1580.

有紀錄的第一個大型流行病發生於1580 年

none can compare with the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918.

這次大型流感的先兆出現於春天

came in the spring, when American troops in northern France

began complaining of chills, headaches and fever.

Then, the following September, at a U.S. Army barracks near Boston,

到了那年的九月，在波士頓附近一個美國軍營

prompting their removal to the camp infirmary.

two hours after admission, they had the mahogany spots over the cheekbones

士兵入院兩小時後，顴骨出現紅褐色的斑點

you can begin to see the cyanosis extending from their ears

It is only a matter of a few hours then until death comes,

到了這時，他們只剩下數小時生命

and it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate.

期間他們會拼命喘氣直至他們窒息為止

a huge American transport en route to Bordeaux,

一艘由美國前往波爾多的輪船上

sick men hemorrhaged blood from their noses,

turning the decks between their bunks slick with bodily fluids.

令他們床舖下的甲板佈滿了病人的體液

Meanwhile, British soldiers returning from northern France on furlough

與此同時，從法國北部休假回國的英軍

introduced the flu to Dover and other Channel ports,

將流感帶到多佛市和其他英倫海峽的港口

from where the virus was carried by rail to London.

病毒再從那些地方經火車傳到倫敦

By the time the pandemic had run its course

那時估計有六十七萬五千美國人

In India alone, some 10 million were killed,

單在印度，病毒殺死了約一千萬人

and worldwide the death toll was an astonishing 50 million.

而全球的死亡數字更達到驚人的五千萬

今天，飛機只需較 1918 年短得多的時間

in a fraction of the time it took in 1918.

a Chinese doctor arrived at the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong

一名中國醫生入住香港的帝京酒店時

Unknown to him, he was harboring a new animal-origin virus called SARS,

他不知道自己身上藏着一種源於動物的新病毒 SARS

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【TED-Ed】瘟疫是如何散播-How pandemics spread - Mark Honigsbaum(H7N9禽流感的可怕性)

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