Name: 讓愛因斯坦成名的日食照片 (Das Sonnenfinsternis-Foto, das Einstein berühmt machte)
Uploaded: 2020-12-15T18:05:27.000Z
Duration: 5 min 36 s

There's only one way to see the stars while the sun is out.

趁著太陽出來，只有一種方法可以看星星。

You have to be at right place at the right time.

你必須在正確的時間出現在正確的地點。

Standing somewhere along the narrow path where the moon aligns perfectly between the sun

站在某處，沿著狹窄的小路，月亮與太陽完美地對準了一起

When the moon passes in front of the sun's disc, it darkens the sky just enough for distant

當月球經過太陽盤前時，它使天空變暗，足以讓遠處的

There have been many photos of total solar eclipses.

它幫助證明了一個激進的想法。

And turned Albert Einstein into a celebrity.

Because the stars in this photo aren't where they're supposed to be.

因為這張照片中的星星並不在它們應該在的地方。

Isaac Newton laid the foundation for understanding the physical universe in the Principia, published

牛頓在《原理論》中為理解物理宇宙奠定了基礎。

In it, he defined gravity as a force of attraction that draws massive objects – like stars

在其中，他將引力定義為一種吸引巨大物體的力量--比如恆星。

and planets – toward each other, and keeps them in orbit.

和行星--彼此相向，並使它們在軌道上運行。

And for more than 200 years, gravity was defined this way: as an attracting force.

而200多年來，重力是這樣定義的：作為一種吸引力。

But Albert Einstein saw gravity as something completely different.

但愛因斯坦認為引力是完全不同的東西。

According to his theory of general relativity, which he published in 1915, gravity isn't

根據他在1915年發表的廣義相對論，萬有引力並不是...

It's the influence of objects on the shape of space itself.

是物體對空間本身形狀的影響。

According to Einstein, massive objects like the sun bend the space around them.

根據愛因斯坦的說法，像太陽這樣的巨大物體會使周圍的空間發生彎曲。

So when a smaller object moves in a straight line along this space, it gets diverted because

所以，當一個較小的物體沿著這個空間直線運動時，它就會被轉移，因為

of the curve caused by the mass of the larger object.

較大物體的品質所造成的曲線。

That puts one object in an orbit around the other.

這就使一個物體繞著另一個物體的軌道運行。

And if Einstein was right then the same curve would divert the path of light as well.

而如果愛因斯坦是對的，那麼同樣的曲線也會使光路改道。

Meaning if you observed distant stars through a telescope on Earth while the sun is in front

意思是說，如果你在地球上用望遠鏡觀察遙遠的星星，而太陽就在前面。

of them, their light, deflected by the sun's gravity, would make them appear slightly out

它們的光，被太陽的引力偏轉，會使它們看起來略微有些偏離軌道

But there was a big conflict keeping Einstein from testing it.

但有一個很大的衝突，讓愛因斯坦無法測試。

But his work landed in the hands of a British astrophysicist: Arthur Eddington.

但他的工作落到了一位英國天體物理學家的手中，那就是Arthur Eddington。Arthur Eddington

Even though they were on opposing sides of the war, Eddington, along with astronomer

儘管他們是戰爭的對立面 愛丁頓和天文學家一起

弗蘭克-戴森，著手驗證這個理論。

They would photograph a total solar eclipse.

They needed to compare the position of a cluster of stars in the night sky with a photograph

他們需要將夜空中星團的位置與照片進行比較。

If the stars' apparent positions had shifted, it would prove that starlight was traveling

如果恆星的明顯位置發生了變化 那就證明了星光是在移動的

through space curved by the sun's gravity.

The May 1919 eclipse was the ideal one for this experiment.

1919年5月的日食是這個實驗的理想選擇。

The sun would be in front of a very dense cluster of stars, the Hyades.

太陽會在一個非常密集的恆星團Hyades的前面。

And that meant multiple bright stars would be visible during the eclipse.

而這也就意味著在日食期間會有多顆亮星出現。

Planning began in 1917, and a couple of years later, two expeditions departed England.

1917年開始策劃，幾年後，兩支探險隊從英國出發。

One led by Eddington went to the island of Principe in West Africa, and the other headed

一支由愛丁頓率領的隊伍前往西非的普林西比島，另一支為首的隊伍則是由愛丁頓率領的隊伍。

Two locations that were in the path of the eclipse and had favorable climates.

在日食路徑上的兩個地點，氣候有利。

Each group traveled with powerful photographic telescopes that could record detailed photos

每個小組都帶著強大的攝影望遠鏡旅行，可以記錄下詳細的照片。

Photographing the eclipse that May required transporting, and then carefully assembling

拍攝5月的日食，需要運輸，然後小心翼翼地組裝。

With the plates tilted 45 degrees on one of the telescopes to include as many stars as

在其中一臺望遠鏡上傾斜45度，以包括儘可能多的恆星。

This is one of the few successful plates from the 1919 expeditions.

這是1919年考察中為數不多的成功版圖之一。

It shows the eclipse during totality, the sun's corona bursting forth, and the rarely

它顯示的是全食期間的日食，太陽的日冕迸發，以及罕見的。

Most importantly, bright stars of the Hyades.

Back in England, Eddington compared the position of the stars from the eclipse plate with another

回到英國後，愛丁頓將食盤上的恆星位置與另一個食盤上的恆星位置進行了比較。

of the night sky, using a machine that can take measurements within photos at the microscopic

的夜空，使用的機器可以在微觀的照片中進行測量。

The comparison revealed that the stars had shifted during the eclipse by roughly the

對比發現，在日食期間，恆星的移動幅度大約為

According to Newton's calculations, starlight should bend near the sun too.

根據牛頓的計算，星光在太陽附近也應該彎曲。

But if Einstein was right, that deviation would be twice what Newton predicted.

但如果愛因斯坦是對的，這個偏差將是牛頓預測的兩倍。

Eddington's result showed that the deflection of the stars came closer to Einstein's calculation

愛丁頓的結果表明，恆星的偏轉更接近愛因斯坦的計算結果

It wasn't a perfect match, but it was close enough to validate the theory of general relativity,

這不是一個完美的匹配，但它足夠接近驗證廣義相對論。

and completely shift our understanding of the universe.

並徹底改變我們對宇宙的理解。

The success of the experiment was first announced in The Times of London on November 7th, 1919.

1919年11月7日，倫敦《泰晤士報》首次宣佈實驗成功。

Almost a year to the day after the end of World War I.

在第一次世界大戰結束後將近一年的時間裡。

An Englishman had gone to great lengths to prove the ideas of a German, and the news

一個英國人為了證明一個德國人的想法，費盡心機，而這個消息

that space is warped by the planets and stars excited the world.

空間被行星和恆星扭曲，讓世界興奮不已。

Einstein, who before this moment was only known in the physics world, essentially became

愛因斯坦，在這一刻之前，他只在物理學界為人所知，他基本上成了

He remained an international pop culture icon for the rest of his life.

他的後半生一直是國際流行文化的標誌。

And a favorite subject of press photographers.

也是新聞攝影師最喜歡的拍攝對象。

Observing eclipses continued to be one way of testing general relativity for decades

幾十年來，觀測日食一直是檢驗廣義相對論的方法之一

With more sophisticated equipment repeatedly confirming the accuracy of Einstein's theory.

隨著更精密的設備反覆證實愛因斯坦理論的準確性。

General relativity allowed physicists to begin to understand advanced concepts about the

廣義相對論讓物理學家開始理解關於宇宙的高級概念。

Which ultimately led to this: the first photograph of a black hole, taken in 2019.

最終導致了這樣的結果：2019年拍攝的第一張黑洞照片。

A century after Eddington first proved Einstein's theory with a photo – and completely changed

愛丁頓用一張照片首次證明了愛因斯坦的理論--並徹底改變了一個世紀後的愛因斯坦。