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Meet Tony. He's my student.
我們來認識一下東尼,他是我的學生
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He's about my age,
他的年齡跟我差不多,
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and he's in San Quentin State Prison.
他在聖昆廷的州立監獄
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When Tony was 16 years old,
當東尼16歲時,
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one day, one moment,
有一天,一個時刻,
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"It was mom's gun.
「 這是媽媽的槍
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Just flash it, scare the guy. He's a punk.
只要亮一亮相,嚇嚇那傢伙。他是個小流氓
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He took some money; we'll take his money. That'll teach him.
他之前拿了一些錢,我們要拿回來,教訓一下他
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Then last minute, I'm thinking, 'Can't do this. This is wrong.'
然後在最後一分鐘,我在想, 『不能這樣做,這是不對的。』
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My buddy says, 'C'mon, let's do this.'
我的朋友說:『來吧,讓我們幹場大的。』
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I say, 'Let's do this.'"
我說,『讓我們就這樣幹。』
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And those three words, Tony's going to remember,
這句話,東尼會記得,
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because the next thing he knows, he hears the pop.
因為接下來的事情,便是他聽到砰的一聲
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There's the punk on the ground, puddle of blood.
那個小流氓在地面上, 躺在一坑血水之中
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And that's felony murder ——
接著是重罪謀殺——
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25 to life, parole at 50 if you're lucky,
25年到終生,如果幸運,在50年後假釋,
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and Tony's not feeling very lucky.
但東尼不感覺幸運
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So when we meet in my philosophy class in his prison
所以,當我們在獄中哲學課會面時,
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and I say, "In this class, we will discuss the foundations of ethics,"
我說,「 在這課程中,我們將會討論道德的基礎,」
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Tony interrupts me.
東尼打斷我,
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"What are you going to teach me about right and wrong?
問 :「你要教我對與錯的什麼呢?
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I know what is wrong. I have done wrong.
因為我知道什麼是錯的,我已經做錯了。
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I am told every day,
我每一天,
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by every face I see, every wall I face, that I am wrong.
面對每一個人的臉,還有我面著的每一面牆,都告訴我我錯了
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If I ever get out of here, there will always be a mark by my name.
如果我有機會離開這裡,我的名字將永遠有一個記號
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I'm a convict; I am branded 'wrong.'
我是一個罪犯,我被烙印著『 錯誤』
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What are you going to tell me about right and wrong?"
你要告訴我什麼是對與不對? 」
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So I say to Tony,
我對東尼說,
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"Sorry, but it's worse than you think.
「 很抱歉,但它比你想像還更糟糕
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You think you know right and wrong?
你認為你知道對與錯?
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Then can you tell me what wrong is?
那你能告訴我什麼是錯嗎?
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No, don't just give me an example.
不, 不要只是給我一個例子
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I want to know about wrongness itself, the idea of wrong.
我想知道錯的本身,錯的基礎理念
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What is that idea?
那概念究竟是什麼?
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What makes something wrong?
什麼因素令東西成為錯的呢?
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How do we know that it's wrong? Maybe you and I disagree.
我們怎樣知道錯呢? 當你和我意見分歧
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Maybe one of us is wrong about the wrong.
也許我們其中之一是錯上加錯
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Maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to trade opinions;
也許是你, 也許是我—— 但我們在這裡不是為了要交換意見,
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everyone's got an opinion.
每個人都有自己的意見
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We are here for knowledge.
我們在這裡是為了知識
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Our enemy is thoughtlessness. This is philosophy."
我們的敵人是輕率,而這就是哲學。」
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And something changes for Tony.
東尼像是有所領悟
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"Could be I'm wrong. I'm tired of being wrong.
「可能是我錯了,我厭倦自己的錯誤
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I want to know what is wrong.
我想知道什麼是錯的
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I want to know what I know."
我想知道我知道甚麼。 」
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What Tony sees in that moment is the project of philosophy,
東尼在那一刻看到的是哲學的議題,
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the project that begins in wonder ——
該議題始於奇妙的驚異——
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what Kant called
是康德(德國古典哲學創始人))稱為
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"admiration and awe at the starry sky above and the moral law within."
「 對頭上的星空和之內的道德律欽佩和敬畏 」。
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What can creatures like us know of such things?
我們這樣的生物可以理解像這樣的事情嗎?
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It is the project that always takes us back to the condition of existence ——
是這議題總是把我們帶回到存在的條件 ——
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what Heidegger called "the always already there."
是海德格(德國哲學家)稱為「 已然存在」。
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It is the project of questioning what we believe and why we believe it ——
這學問是要質疑我們相信什麼和為什麼相信——
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what Socrates called "the examined life."
蘇格拉底稱為「檢驗的人生」。
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Socrates, a man wise enough to know that he knows nothing.
蘇格拉底,有足夠的智慧認清自己的渺小
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Socrates died in prison,
他死在獄中,
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his philosophy intact.
但他的哲學精神淵遠流長
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So Tony starts doing his homework.
因此,東尼開始做他的作業
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He learns his whys and wherefores, his causes and correlations,
他探悉了理由和原因,來頭和關連,
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his logic, his fallacies.
他的邏輯,他的謬論
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Turns out, Tony's got the philosophy muscle.
原來, 東尼具有不少哲學頭腦
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His body is in prison, but his mind is free.
他的肉身是在監獄裡,但他的精神是自由的
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Tony learns about the ontologically promiscuous,
東尼了解了本體論的混雜,
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the epistemologically anxious,
知識論的焦慮,
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the ethically dubious, the metaphysically ridiculous.
道德上的可疑,和形而上學的荒謬
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That's Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche
也就是柏拉圖,笛卡爾,尼采
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and Bill Clinton.
和比爾柯林頓
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So when he gives me his final paper,
所以當他給我他最後的論文,
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in which he argues that the categorical imperative
其中他認為康德的無上命令
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is perhaps too uncompromising
或許對我們日常生活的衝突
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to deal with the conflict that affects our everyday
顯得太不近情理時
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and challenges me to tell him
他挑戰我要告訴他
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whether therefore we are condemned to moral failure,
是否我們因此被譙讓到道德上失敗,
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I say, "I don't know.
我說,「 我不知道,
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Let us think about that."
讓我們去想想這個議題。」
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Because in that moment, there's no mark by Tony's name;
因為在那一刻, 東尼的名字沒有囚犯的標記,
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it's just the two of us standing there.
只是我們兩個人站在那裡
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It is not professor and convict,
這不是教授和囚徒,
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it is just two minds ready to do philosophy.
而是兩個頭腦準備思考哲學
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And I say to Tony,
所以我對東尼說:
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"Let's do this."
「 讓我們去幹。」
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Thank you.
謝謝。
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(Applause)
(掌聲)