COVID-19 vaccine development

COVID-19疫苗開發

and ethical considerations around human challenge trials

圍繞人類挑戰試驗的倫理考慮

are constantly evolving.]

是不斷髮展的]。

In April 2020,

在2020年4月。

I made what many perceive as a risky decision.

我做了一個很多人認為是冒險的決定。

I volunteered to be deliberately infected with COVID-19.

我自願被故意感染COVID-19。

This infection would be part of what is called a human challenge trial,

這種感染將是所謂的人類挑戰試驗的一部分。

where young, healthy people are given a vaccine

年輕、健康的人接種疫苗的地方

and are deliberately exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19.

並被故意暴露在導致COVID-19的病毒中。

These trials help researchers figure out more quickly

這些試驗有助於研究人員更快地弄清

if a vaccine is working.

如果疫苗有效。

I think this research is crucial,

我認為這項研究至關重要。

because today, I'm going to speak to you for six minutes.

因為今天，我要跟你講六分鐘。

In that time,

在那個時候。

roughly 1,250 people will be confirmed infected with COVID-19.

大約有1 250人將被確認感染COVID-19。

Twenty-one people will die.

有21個人會死

And then this pattern will repeat hour after hour and day by day,

然後這種模式會時時刻刻、日日重複。

until we're able to vaccinate most of the eight billion people

直到我們能夠為80億人中的大多數人接種疫苗為止。

affected by this global crisis.

受這場全球危機的影響。

Scientists have been working around the clock

科學家們晝夜不停地工作

to make those vaccines a reality.

以使這些疫苗成為現實。

But what should we do when the human cost of waiting for those vaccines

但是，當等待這些疫苗的人力成本增加時，我們應該怎麼辦？

is rising by the day?

正在逐日上升？

This is where human challenge trials come in.

這就是人類挑戰試驗的意義所在。

They're different from the traditional phase three vaccine trials

它們不同於傳統的三期疫苗試驗

taking place now,

現在正在進行。

where people are given a vaccine or placebo

給人們注射疫苗或安慰劑。

and asked to go about their everyday lives.

並要求他們去做日常生活。

Here, researchers have to wait to see how many people in each group

在這裡，研究人員要等著看每組中有多少人

become infected.

感染。

Until enough of them get sick,

直到足夠多的人生病。

we don't have enough data to know whether a vaccine is working.

我們沒有足夠的數據來了解疫苗是否有效。

Finding an effective vaccine with this method

用這種方法尋找有效的疫苗

can take months or sometimes years,

可能需要幾個月，有時甚至幾年。

and it requires thousands of volunteers.

而這需要成千上萬的志願者。

A challenge trial works faster

挑戰性試驗的效果更快

because researchers control exposure,

因為研究人員控制了曝光率。

instead of waiting for people to get sick.

而不是等著人們生病。

So instead of a year,

所以，與其說是一年。

we could know in as little as a month

短短一個月就能知道

whether a vaccine seems effective.

疫苗是否似乎有效。

Instead of thousands of volunteers,

而不是成千上萬的志願者。

a challenge trial relies on just 50 to 100.

質疑審判僅依靠50至100。

Because we know for certain

因為我們知道

when people are exposed and develop disease,

當人們接觸並患上疾病時。

these trials also allow us to gather data

這些試驗也使我們能夠收集數據

about the early stages of infection and our immune response.

關於感染的早期階段和我們的免疫反應。

This data is impossible to gather in any other way,

這些數據是不可能用其他方式收集的。

especially for people who become infected but never show symptoms.

特別是對於那些被感染但從未出現症狀的人來說。

This knowledge is important for designing policies

這種知識對設計政策很重要

that limit COVID-19 transmission.

限制COVID-19傳輸的。

The time saved translates into precious months' head start

省下的時間可以轉化為寶貴的幾個月的啟動時間。

on manufacturing,

製造業上。

getting us more working COVID-19 vaccines faster.

讓我們更快地獲得更多有效的COVID-19疫苗。

These trials are useful --

這些試驗是有用的 -- --

even though recent phase three results sound encouraging.

儘管最近的第三階段結果聽起來令人鼓舞。

The arrival of the first vaccine is going to be a monumental breakthrough.

第一支疫苗的到來將是一個巨大的突破。

It just isn't quite the fairytale ending we're all hoping for.

只是這並不是我們所希望的童話般的結局。

We're going to need multiple vaccines,

我們需要多種疫苗。

because we just don't have the infrastructure needed

因為我們只是沒有必要的基礎設施

to immunize all eight billion people on the planet with just one kind.

只用一種疫苗就能讓地球上80億人免疫。

Each type of vaccine requires its own special process and equipment

每種疫苗都需要有自己特殊的工藝和設備。

to make, store and deliver it.

來製作、儲存和交付。

If we had multiple working COVID-19 vaccines,

如果我們有多種有效的COVID-19疫苗。

we could make use of all of our equipment at the same time.

我們可以同時利用我們所有的設備。

Some of the leading candidates need to be kept extremely cold

一些領軍人物候選人需要保持極度寒冷的狀態

before they are delivered to people.

才送到人們手中。

This can be really hard,

這可能真的很難。

especially in countries where there isn't reliable electricity

特別是在沒有可靠電力的國家。

or a secure method to store them.

或一種安全的方法來存儲它們。

Scientists have been using human challenge trials

科學家一直在使用人體挑戰試驗

for hundreds of years.

數百年來，。

They've sped up the development of vaccines against typhoid and cholera,

他們已經加快了對傷寒和霍亂疫苗的研發。

and they've helped us better understand how immunity develops

它們幫助我們更好地瞭解免疫力是如何發展的。

to things like the flu, malaria and dengue.

到流感、瘧疾和登革熱等疾病。

We've even used them for other types of coronavirus before.

我們甚至曾經用它們來處理其他類型的冠狀病毒。

There's been a lot of debate

有很多人在爭論

about whether challenge trials are too risky.

關於質疑性試驗是否風險太大。

I happen to think that those risks are worth taking.

我恰好認為這些風險是值得承擔的。

A challenge trial would only recruit young and healthy participants --

挑戰性試驗只招募年輕健康的參與者------。

think between the ages of 20 and 29.

認為20歲到29歲之間。

Fewer than one percent of people in that age-group

該年齡段的人不到1%。

need to be taken to hospital after becoming infected with COVID-19.

感染COVID-19後需要送往醫院。

So it would likely be even lower in a challenge trial,

所以在質疑審判中可能會更低。

because researchers check to make sure

因為研究人員會檢查以確保

that participants have no preexisting conditions.

參與者沒有預先存在的條件；

The risk of a young healthy person dying of COVID-19

年輕健康人死於COVID-19的風險。

is around five thousandths of a percent.

是千分之五左右。

That means for every 100,000 20-year-olds who become infected with COVID-19,

這意味著每10萬名20歲的人感染COVID-19。

about five die.

約五死。

If I were to give birth in the United States,

如果我在美國生孩子。

my risk of dying would be higher than that.

我的死亡風險會比這高。

Or you could choose to think about it this way.

或者你可以選擇這樣的方式來思考。

If my little sister needed a kidney,

如果我的妹妹需要一個腎臟。

I wouldn't hesitate for a moment before I offered her mine.

我不會猶豫片刻就把我的給她。

And if I can take on that risk to benefit a loved one,

如果我可以承擔這個風險，讓親人受益。

it makes sense to allow people to take on a similar risk

同病相憐

to speed up the development of a vaccine

加快研製疫苗

that would benefit not just their loved ones,

這不僅有利於他們的親人。

but everyone around them as well.

但周圍的人也。

There's a lot we still don't know,

有很多事情我們還不知道。

especially about the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection.

特別是關於COVID-19感染的長期影響。

I volunteered despite that uncertainty

雖然不確定，但我還是自願參加了

because like many of you, I feel frustrated

因為和你們很多人一樣，我也覺得很沮喪。

knowing that hundreds of thousands of people are dying.

知道幾十萬人正在死去，。

And that's without mentioning the millions more who are struggling

這還沒有提到數以百萬計的更多的人在掙扎

as measures to stop the spread take a toll on their physical,

因為制止傳播的措施對他們的身體造成了傷害。

emotional and mental well-being.

情感和心理健康；

It turns out I'm not alone in feeling this way.

原來我不是一個人有這樣的感覺。

Since May, over 39,000 people from across the world

5月以來，來自世界各地的3.9萬多人。

have volunteered to participate in potential COVID-19 challenge trials

自願參加潛在的COVID-19挑戰試驗的國家；

through a nonprofit I helped found called 1Day Sooner.

通過一個非營利組織，我幫助創建了所謂的 "1Day Sooner"。

We advocate for challenge trial participants

我們為挑戰賽參與者辯護

and have been encouraging stakeholders to begin preparing for these trials.

並一直鼓勵利益攸關方開始為這些審判做準備。

As early as May,

早在5月。

when challenge trials were still being considered

還在考慮質疑性試驗的時候

for their role in the fight against COVID-19,

以表彰他們在打擊COVID-19的鬥爭中發揮的作用。

the World Health Organization cited 1Day Sooner

世界衛生組織援引 "早一天 "的說法。

as an example of the kind of public engagement needed

作為一個例子，說明所需的公眾參與。

to run a challenge trial.

進行挑戰賽。

In mid-October,

在10月中旬。

the UK government formally announced their intention

英國政府正式宣佈打算

to conduct a challenge trial at the beginning of 2021.

在2021年初進行質疑審判。

It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis.

顯然，COVID-19大流行是一場全球性危機。

It has inspired record-shattering innovation,

它激發了破紀錄的創新。

and it has highlighted the heroic acts of many frontline workers,

並彰顯了許多一線工人的英雄行為。

but is has also taken a catastrophic toll.

但也是造成了災難性的損失。

The arrival of each new vaccine brings us one step closer to rebuilding.

每一種新疫苗的到來，都讓我們離重建更近一步。

But the true global solution

但真正的全球解決方案

lies in those vaccines being in the hands of people all over the world.

就在於這些疫苗被全世界的人所掌握。

Challenge trials could be a part of that solution.

挑戰性試驗可以成為該解決方案的一部分。

Thank you.

謝謝你了