Name: 烏鴉教給我們關於死亡的知識--凱麗-斯威夫特 (What crows teach us about death | Kaeli Swift)
Uploaded: 2020-11-24T18:26:19.000Z
Duration: 13 min 25 s

Whether we want to or not, humans spend a great deal of time

無論我們是否願意，人類都會花大量的時間

情態副詞

And it's possible we've been doing so since shortly after homo sapiens

我們有可能在智人出現後不久就開始這樣做了。

After all, the first intentional human burial

畢竟，第一次有意的人肉埋葬。

is thought to have occurred around 100,000 years ago.

被認為是發生在10萬年前左右。

What might those early people have been thinking

as they took the time to dig into the earth,

Were they trying to protect it from scavengers

他們是想保護它不被食腐動物吃掉嗎？

Or did they just not want to have to look at a dead body?

we may never know for sure what those early people were thinking,

我們可能永遠無法確定那些早期的人在想什麼。

but one thing we do know is that humans are far from alone

但我們知道的一件事是，人類並不孤單。

including the corvids, the family of birds

that houses the crows, ravens, magpies and jays,

飼養著烏鴉、烏鴉、喜鵲和松鴉。

also seem to pay special attention to their dead.

In fact, the rituals of corvids may have acted as the inspiration

事實上，堇菜鳥的儀式可能是靈感的源泉

After all, it was the raven that God sent down

to teach Cain how to bury his slain brother Abel.

教該隱如何埋葬他被殺的弟弟亞伯。

But despite this clear recognition by early people that other animals

但是，儘管早期的人們清楚地認識到，其他動物

it's only fairly recently that science has really turned its attention

直到最近，科學才真正把目光投向了

In fact, a formal name for this field -- comparative thanatology --

事實上，這一領域的正式名稱 -- -- 比較比喻學 -- -- 是：

In this growing field, we are beginning to appreciate what a rich place

在這個不斷髮展的領域，我們開始意識到，在這個領域裡，我們有一個多麼豐富的地方。

the natural world is with respect to how other animals interact with their dead,

自然界是與其他動物如何與他們的死亡互動。

and it's in this growing body of knowledge

而正是在這個不斷增長的知識體系中

that that time machine to our early ancestors might be possible.

我們早期祖先的時間機器可能是可能的。

So what are we learning in this growing field?

那麼，在這個不斷髮展的領域，我們在學習什麼呢？

Well, right now we can split our understanding into two main groups.

好了，現在我們可以把我們的理解分為兩大類。

In the first, we have animals that display stereotyped, predictable behaviors

在第一種情況下，我們的動物表現出刻板的、可預測的行為。

and for whom much of what we understand about them

而我們對他們的瞭解，大多是為了他們。

This group includes things like the social insects --

and for all of these animals, colony hygiene is of critical importance,

而對於所有這些動物來說，群體衛生是至關重要的。

and so as a result these animals display rigorous undertaking behaviors

是以，這些動物表現出了嚴謹的事業心行為

For example, they may physically remove carcasses from the colony.

例如，他們可能會物理性地清除菌落中的屍體。

We see similar hygiene-driven responses in some colony-living mammals.

我們在一些以菌落為生的哺乳動物中看到類似的衛生驅動反應。

Rats, for example, will reliably bury cage-mates

例如，老鼠會可靠地埋葬籠中的同伴。

In our other group, we have animals that display more variable,

在我們的另一組中，我們的動物表現出更多的變化。

This is the animals whose death behaviors

I suspect might be more familiar to folks.

which are well-known for their attendance to their dead,

In fact, they're even known to be attracted

which display a wide variety of behaviors around their dead,

其在死者周圍表現出各種各樣的行為。

And that's actually a behavior we've seen in a number of animals,

而這其實是我們在一些動物身上看到的行為。

the orca in the resident J pod in the Puget Sound,

but it offers far more questions than it does answers.

但它提供的問題遠遠多於答案。

For example, why did Tahlequah carry her calf

例如，為什麼塔赫勒誇要帶著她的小牛？

Was she more confused by her unresponsive infant?

她是不是被沒有反應的嬰兒弄得更糊塗了？

Or is this behavior just less rare in orcas

還是說這種行為在逆戟鯨中只是不太常見

it's difficult to do the kinds of experimental studies

in an animal like an orca, or many of these other large mammals,

在像虎鯨這樣的動物身上，或者其他許多大型哺乳動物身上。

that might elucidate those kinds of questions.

So instead, science is turning to an animal whose behaviors around death

所以，科學界轉而研究一種動物，它的行為與死亡有關

crows also seem to pay special attention to their dead.

烏鴉似乎也特別關注他們的死者。

Typically, this manifests as the discovering bird alarm calling,

通常，這表現為發現鳥的報警呼叫。

就像你在這張照片中看到的那樣。

followed by the recruitment of other birds to the area

隨後，其他鳥類被招募到該地區。

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烏鴉教給我們關於死亡的知識--凱麗-斯威夫特 (What crows teach us about death | Kaeli Swift)

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