I'm Esther.

我是以斯帖。

In this video, I will introduce the past perfect tense.

在這個視頻中，我將介紹過去的完美時態。

This tense is used to describe an action that took place at a specific time in the past.

這個時態用來描述過去某個特定時間發生的動作。

This tense can be a little tricky, but don't worry I will guide you through it.

這個時態可能會有點小麻煩，但別擔心，我會指導你完成它。

There's so much to learn and it's a very important tense.

要學的東西太多了，這是一個很重要的時態。

So keep watching.

所以請繼續關注。

Let's take a look at the first usage of the past perfect tense.

我們來看一下過去完成時的第一種用法。

This tense can be used to describe an action in the past

這個時態可以用來描述過去的一個動作。

that happened before another action in the past.

在過去的另一次行動之前發生的。

Here are some examples.

下面是一些例子。

'I have visited China before I moved there.'

'我在搬到中國之前，已經去過中國了'。

No matter what the subject you follow with 'had',

不管是什麼主題你都用'了'來跟。

So that's easy.

所以這很容易。

'I had' 'Steve had'

"我有""史蒂夫有

'The plane had' and 'We had'.

'飛機有'和'我們有'。

Then, we follow with the past participle of the verb.

然後，我們接著用動詞的過去分詞。

In this case, it's 'visited'.

在這種情況下，它的'訪問'。

'I had visited China.'

'我曾去過中國。

Now you'll notice that the second verb is in the past simple tense.

現在你會注意到，第二個動詞是過去簡單時態。

'I moved there.'

'我搬到那裡去了'。

And I'll talk about that a little bit more later on.

我稍後再談這個問題。

'Steve had bought the book.'

'史蒂夫已經買了這本書。

Again, 'subject', 'had' and 'past participle'.

同樣是 "主語"、"曾 "和 "過去分詞"。

In this case, the verb is 'buy'.

在這種情況下，動詞是'買'。

'Steve had bought the book before he read it.'

'史蒂夫還沒看書就買了這本書'。

Again, we have the simple tense of 'read' which is 'read'.

同樣，我們有'讀'的簡單時態，就是'讀'。

And finally, 'The plane had left by the time I got to the airport.'

最後，'我到機場的時候，飛機已經離開了'。

Again, the first part of this sentence is in the past perfect tense.

同樣，這句話的第一部分是過去完成時。

'The plane had left'.

'飛機已經離開了'。

This is the past participle of 'leave'.

這是 "離開 "的過去分詞。

The second verb says, 'I got to the airport.'

第二個動詞說，'我到了機場'。

'got' is the past tense of 'get'.

'得'是'得到'的過去式。

Now what these three sentences have in common is that you'll see, 'before'.

現在這三句話的共同點是，你會看到，"之前"。

'before' or 'by the time'.

'之前'或'到時'。

They all mean the same thing.

它們的意思都是一樣的。

The verb that is in the past perfect tense happened first.

過去完成時的動詞先發生。

The verb that's in the past simple tense happen after.

過去簡單時態的動詞發生後。

So again, for the first example.

所以，同樣是第一個例子。

'before I move there' That happened later.

"在我搬到那裡之前"，那是後來發生的。

Before that, 'I had already visited China.'

在此之前，'我已經去過中國了'。

Do you understand how that works?

你明白這是怎麼回事嗎？

Let's take a look at the last example.

我們來看看最後一個例子。

'When they arrived, we had already started the game.'

'當他們到達時，我們已經開始了遊戲。

So maybe they were late or something had happened.

所以，也許他們遲到了，或者發生了什麼事。

But 'When they arrived', this is the past simple tense.

但'當他們到達時'，這是過去的簡單時態。

So this happened second.

所以這事發生在第二。

'We had already started the game.'

'我們已經開始比賽了。

This action had already started.

這個行動已經開始了。

It started before this action.

在這次行動之前就開始了。

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

Earlier I mentioned that the past perfect tense can be used to describe an action

前面我提到，過去完成時可以用來描述一個動作

that happened in the past before another action in the past.

在過去的另一個行動之前發生的事情。

We can do the same thing but also emphasize the duration.

我們可以做同樣的事情，但也要強調持續時間。

How long that first action happened.

第一次行動發生了多長時間。

We do this by using four and a duration.

我們通過使用四個和一個持續時間來實現。

Let's take a look.

讓我們一起來看看。

'I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.'

'我的電腦擁有了兩個月才壞掉'。

This is very similar to the first usage.

這與第一種用法非常相似。

'I had' and the past participle of the verb.

'我曾'和動詞的過去分詞。

This part shows the action that happened earlier in the past.

這一部分顯示的是過去較早發生的行動。

The second part, 'it broke'.

第二部分，'它壞了'。

The past simple tense verb shows the action in the past

過去簡單時態動詞表示過去的動作

that happened later than the first action.

比第一次行動晚發生的。

However, you'll notice that this sentence has a duration, 'for two months'.

但是，你會發現，這句話有一個期限，"兩個月"。

'I had owned my computer for two months before it broke.'

'我的電腦擁有了兩個月才壞掉'。

All I'm doing here is showing how long the first action had been true.

我在這裡所做的一切，都是為了表明第一個動作的真實時間。

Let's take a look at the next example.

我們來看看接下來的例子。

'Jim had been lonely for a long time until he got a puppy.'

'吉姆孤獨了很久，直到他養了一隻小狗。

Again, we have subject 'had', past participle.

同樣，我們有主語'了'，過去分詞。

And then we have the past simple 'he got a puppy'.

然後我們還有過去簡單的'他有一隻小狗'。

All we're doing here is emphasizing how long first action had been true.

我們在這裡所做的一切，都是在強調第一次行動的時間有多長。

He had been lonely for a long time.

他已經寂寞了很久。

That is until the later action, 'he got a puppy.'

直到後來的動作，'他養了一隻小狗'。

And finally, 'She and I had been friends for many years before she became my wife.'

最後，'在她成為我的妻子之前，我和她是多年的朋友。

The first part of the sentence is the past perfect.

句子的第一部分是過去完成時。

It happened before she became my wife.

這事發生在她成為我妻子之前。

But I want to explain how long that had been true for many years.

但我想解釋一下，這已經是多少年的事實了。

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

Now I'll introduce how to form the negative in the past perfect tense.

現在我就來介紹一下如何在過去的完全時態中形成否定式。

Take a look at the board.

看一下板子。

The first sentence says, 'I had not eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.'

第一句話說：'昨天去之前，我還沒有在飯店吃過飯。

Again, we have the past perfect tense here and the past simple tense here.

同樣，我們這裡有過去的完全時態和過去的簡單時態。

This one is the action that happened earlier in the past

這個是之前發生在過去的行動

And this one over here is the action that happened later in the past.

而這邊這個就是後來發生在過去的行動。

However, because this is the negative, what I'm going to do is add a 'not' between

但是，因為這是否定的，所以我要做的是在 "不 "與 "不 "之間加一個 "不 "字。

the 'had' and the past participle of the verb.

的'了'和動詞的過去分詞。

So I say, 'I have not eaten'.

所以我說：'我沒有吃過飯'。

Or I can use the contraction

或者我可以用收縮詞

and say, 'I hadn't eaten at the restaurant before I went yesterday.'

並說："我昨天去之前沒有在餐廳吃過飯。

The next sentence is very similar.'

下一句話很相似'。

'She had not been to the circus before she went last week.'

'她上週去之前，還沒有去過馬戲團。

Here's the action that happened earlier in the past,

這是過去早些時候發生的行動。

and here's the action that happened later in the past.

而這是過去後來發生的行動。

However, again, because it's negative,

然而，又因為是負數。

I put a 'not' between 'had' and the past participle of the verb.

我在'了'和動詞的過去分詞之間加了一個'不'字。

Also, I can use the contraction and say, 'She hadn't been to the circus.'

另外，我還可以用收縮的方式說："她沒有去過馬戲團"。

The next sentence says,

下句說。

'The cat hadn't chased the bird for very long before it flew away.'

'貓追了沒多久，鳥就飛走了。

Remember, we can show duration,

記住，我們可以顯示持續時間。

or how long the first action was true.

或者說第一個動作的真實時間有多長。

by using 'for' and a duration.

通過使用'for'和一個持續時間。

Because this is the negative form,

因為這是負面的形式。

again, I use 'had not' after the subject and before the past participle of the verb

同樣，我在主語後和動詞的過去分詞前都用了 "had not"。

In this case, the contraction 'hadn't' is already there for you.

在這種情況下，收縮詞 "沒有 "已經為你準備好了。

'We hadn't known each other for three months before we married.'

'我們結婚前三個月都不認識對方。

That's a pretty short time.

時間真短啊

It shows the duration by saying 'for', How long?

它通過說 "for "來顯示持續時間，多長時間？

'three months'

"三個月

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

Now, let's take a look at questions using 'had' in the past perfect tense.

現在，我們來看看在過去完成時態中使用'had'的問題。

Take a look at the first sentence.

看看第一句話。

It says, 'She had eaten lunch by noon.'

上面寫著：'她中午吃過午飯了'。

Now, to turn this into a question is quite easy.

現在，要把這個問題變成一個問題是很容易的。

All you have to do is change the order of the first two words.

你要做的就是改變前兩個字的順序。

So instead of 'she had', we say 'Had she'.

所以我們不說 "她有"，而說 "有她"。

'Had she eaten lunch by noon?'

'她中午吃過午飯了嗎?

You can say, 'Yes, she had.'

你可以說："是的，她有。

or 'No, she hadn't.'

或 "不，她沒有。

The next sentence says, 'It had rained before they left.'

下一句說：'他們出發前下過雨'。

Again simply switched the order of the first two words.

同樣只是調換了前兩個字的順序。

Instead of 'It had', say 'Had it' to make a question.

不說'It had'，而說'Had it'來做題。

'Had it rained before they left?'

'他們走之前是不是下過雨？

To reply you can say, 'Yes, it had.'

回答時你可以說："是的，它有"。

or 'No, it hadn't.'

或 "不，沒有"。

Let's move on now.

現在我們繼續前進。

I'll go into how to form 'WH' questions in the past perfect tense.

下面我就來介紹一下如何用過去的完全時態來構成'WH'問題。

Let's take a look.

讓我們一起來看看。

Here we see at the beginning of each question a 'WH' word.

在這裡我們看到每道題的開頭都有一個 "WH "字。

'where', 'who', 'what', and 'how'.

'哪裡'、'誰'、'什麼'和'如何'。

Let's take a look at the first question.

我們來看看第一個問題。

'Where had he traveled before?'

'他以前在哪裡旅行過？

You'll notice that after each 'WH' word, we have 'had'.

你會注意到，在每個 "WH "字後面，我們都有 "了"。

And then the subject and then the past participle of the verb.

然後是主語，然後是動詞的過去分詞。

'Where had he traveled before?'

'他以前在哪裡旅行過？

The next question says, 'Who had she talked to before?'

下一個問題說："她以前和誰談過？"。

This is the same thing the 'WH' word

這和 "WH "這個詞是一樣的。

'had she' and then the past participle.

'了她'，然後是過去分詞。

You'll notice here that we have the word 'before', but we didn't write a specific point in time.

你會發現，這裡我們有 "之前 "這個詞，但我們沒有寫出具體的時間點。

If you see that it simply means before now.

如果你看到它只是指現在之前。

The next question says, 'What had he eaten before lunch?'

下一題說："午飯前他吃了什麼？

Again we follow the same formula, however, here it says 'lunch for you'.

同樣我們按照同樣的公式，不過，這裡說的是 "為你準備午餐"。

The last one says,

最後一個說。

'How long had she known him before she dated him?'

'她和他交往前認識多久了？

Again how long 'had' + 'subject' and then the past participle.

同樣是多長的'了'+'主語'，然後是過去分詞。

Let's take a look at how to answer these questions.

我們來看看如何回答這些問題。

'Where had he traveled before?'

'他以前在哪裡旅行過？

'He had traveled to Europe.'

'他曾到過歐洲。

is one possible answer.

是一種可能的答案。

'Who had she talked to before?'

'她之前和誰聊過？

Here I can say, 'She had talked to her brother.'

在這裡，我可以說："她曾和她的哥哥談過。

'What had he eaten before lunch?'

'他午飯前吃了什麼？

'He had eaten sushi before lunch.'

'他午飯前吃了壽司。

And finally, 'How long had she known him before she dated him?'

最後，'她和他交往前認識多久了？

'She had known him for three years.'

'她與他相識三年。

That is one possible answer.

這是一個可能的答案。

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

Now let's take a look at some practice exercises for the basic usage of the past perfect tense.

現在我們來看看過去完成時的基本用法的一些練習。

Take a look at the first sentence.

看看第一句話。

'I blank for six hours before I had a break.'

'我空白了六個小時，才休息了一下。

The verb here is 'work'.

這裡的動詞是 "工作"。

Remember, we need to say 'I had'.

記住，我們要說 "我有"。

No matter what the subject is, say 'had'.

不管是什麼主題，都要說'了'。

And then, you take the past participle of the verb.

然後，你把動詞的過去分詞。

In this case, we would say 'worked'.

在這種情況下，我們會說 "工作"。

'I had worked for six hours before I had a break.'

'我足足工作了六個小時才得以休息。

For the next sentence, I want you to try the negative form.

下一句話，我想讓你試試否定式。

'We blank TV before we listened to the radio.'

'我們在聽廣播之前，先把電視空白了。

Remember, for the negative form, we say 'had not'

記住，對於否定形式，我們說 "沒有

or we use the contraction, 'hadn't'.

或者我們用收縮詞 "沒有"。

'We hadn't'.

'我們沒有'。

And then, we need the past participle.

然後，我們需要過去分詞。

'We hadn't watched TV before we listened to the radio.'

'我們在聽廣播之前，還沒有看過電視'。

Now find the mistake in the next sentence.

現在找出下句中的錯誤。

'Reggie had it be to Mexico before he went to Peru.'

'雷吉在去祕魯之前就已經去了墨西哥。

Well, we have the subject here and for the negative, 'hadn't' is correct.

好了，我們這裡有主題，對於否定句，"沒有 "是正確的。

However, we need the past participle of the verb 'be'.

但是，我們需要動詞'be'的過去分詞。

So the correct answer is,

所以正確答案是：

'Reggie hadn't been to Mexico before he went to Peru.'

'雷吉去祕魯之前，還沒有去過墨西哥。

And finally, 'Sally and Jan or they had do their job.'

最後，'莎莉和楊或者他們必須做好自己的工作。

Hmm.

嗯。

Remember, we need the past participle.

記住，我們需要過去分詞。

We don't say do.

我們不說做。

We say 'done'.

我們說 "好了"。

'Sally and Jan had done their job before they watched TV.'

'莎莉和楊在看電視之前就已經做好了自己的工作。

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

In this checkup, we'll take a look at some practice exercises

在這次的檢查中，我們將看看一些練習題。

for the past perfect tense that describes how long.

為過去的完成時，形容多長時間。

Let's take a look at the first sentence.

我們來看看第一句話。

'You blank at the park for three hours before you came home.'

'你在公園空白了三個小時才回家。

Remember, we start with the subject and then 'had'.

記住，我們先說主語，再說 "了"。

So I'm going to add that here,

所以我在這裡補充一下。

then we need the past participle of the verb 'be'.

那麼我們需要動詞'be'的過去分詞。

And that is 'been'.

而這就是'被'。

'You had been at the park for three hours before you came home.'

'你在公園待了三個小時才回家。

The next sentence says,

下句說。

'They blank for six hours before they took a break.'

'他們空白了六個小時才休息。

Again, no matter what the subject, we have 'had' and then the past participle.

同樣，無論什麼主語，我們都有'了'，然後是過去分詞。

So the answer is,

所以答案是：

'They had studied for six hours before they took a break.'

'他們學習了六個小時才休息。

Now, find the mistake in the next sentence.

現在，找出下一句話中的錯誤。

It's a little bit longer so it might take you a while.

它的時間有點長，所以可能需要你花點時間。

'They had been known each other for ten years before they had their first fight.'

'他們認識了十年，才有了第一次交手。

Can you find the mistake?

你能找到錯誤的地方嗎？

Well, we have the subject and 'had', but check this out.

好吧，我們有了主題和 "曾"，但看看這個。

There are two past participles here.

這裡有兩個過去分詞。

We need to get rid of one of them.

我們需要除掉其中一個人。

We can take out this verb and say, 'They had known each other for ten years

我們可以把這個動詞拿出來，說：'他們已經認識十年了。

before they had their first fight.'

在他們第一次戰鬥之前'

The next sentence says, 'I have played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.'

下一句說："我踢了很多年的足球，才打進了第一個球"。

This sentence doesn't look wrong at first.

這句話乍一看沒有錯。

But remember, in the past perfect tense, we need to say 'had'.

但是記住，在過去的完全時態中，我們需要說 "曾"。

'I had played soccer for many years before I scored my first goal.'

'在我打進第一個進球之前，我已經踢了很多年足球了。

Good job, everybody.

大家幹得好

Let's move on.

讓我們繼續前進。

Great job, everyone.

大家幹得好

Now you have a better understanding of the past perfect tense.

現在你對過去的完成時有了更深的理解。

I know it can be a little difficult but keep studying,

我知道這可能有點困難，但繼續學習。

and keep practicing, and you will get better.

並繼續練習，你會變得更好。

I know studying English is not easy but with time and effort,

我知道學習英語不容易，但只要肯花時間和精力。

I know you'll master it.

我知道你會掌握它。

Thank you so much for watching and I'll see you in the next video.

非常感謝你的觀看，我們下一個視頻見。