Name: 毒液的力量--有朝一日它如何拯救你的生命｜Mandë Holford (The power of venom -- and how it could one day save your life | Mandë Holford)
Uploaded: 2020-11-18T19:35:42.000Z
Duration: 9 min 17 s

我的意思是，它是一隻蝸牛，所以它很慢。

And that orange thing you see is kind of like a tongue.

而你看到的那個橙色的東西有點像舌頭。

It uses that to track and subdue this unsuspecting fish.

它利用這一點來追蹤並制服這條不懷好意的魚。

在這種捕食者與獵物的互動中。

these are clearly not your garden variety escargots.

這些顯然不是你的花園品種蝸牛。

Venom, like the venom you find in venomous snakes and scorpions,

毒液，就像你在毒蛇和蠍子身上找到的毒液。

these sea snails, they use their venom to subdue fish, worms

這些海蝸牛用它們的毒液來制服魚和蟲子

it's actually a cocktail of toxic molecules

that are packaged and delivered through a false tooth called a radula.

通過稱為 "根管 "的假牙進行包裝和輸送。

You can think of the radulas as hypodermic needles.

你可以把放射線看作是皮下注射針。

these snails are practicing good needle habits,

這些蝸牛都是在練習良好的用針習慣。

Now from your own knowledge about venomous organisms,

現在從自己對毒物生物的瞭解。

and the keep-you-up-at-night fish-killing video that I just showed you,

還有我剛剛給你看的那個讓你徹夜不眠的殺魚視頻。

you might think that venom is dangerous and all bad.

你可能會認為毒液是危險的，所有的壞事。

is to think of it as both a supervillain and a superhero.

就是把它既當做一個超級大壞蛋，又當做一個超級英雄。

In my lab, we study the evolution of venom in these sea snails

在我的實驗室裡，我們研究這些海蝸牛毒液的進化

while there are snakes involved, the product is legit.

雖然有蛇的參與，產品是合法的。

One reason the venom product is so successful

is that it transforms a physical warfare into a biochemical one.

Where usually the predator-prey interaction is one of brute force,

通常捕食者與獵物之間的互動是一種蠻力。

The chemistry of the toxins in your arsenal

你的武器庫中的毒素的化學成分。

is what's going to enable David to conquer Goliath.

是讓大衛能夠征服歌利亞的原因。

And in our scenario, David is clearly the snail.

而在我們的方案中，大衛顯然就是那隻蝸牛。

Another feature of venom that makes it so successful

毒液的另一個特點使它如此成功

is that the toxins work with the precision of a Swiss Army knife.

是毒素的作用就像瑞士軍刀一樣精準。

they come for strongholds that help an organism to function.

它們是為了幫助生物體運作的據點而來。

So they target blood, brain and membranes.

所以他們的目標是血液、大腦和膜。

they each have components that can do things

Or they cause neurons in your brains to not function normally,

或者導致你大腦中的神經元不能正常工作。

Or they have toxins that will poke holes into the membranes of your cells,

或者它們有毒素，會在你的細胞膜上嫖妓。

causing them to rupture and, basically, explode,

導致它們破裂，基本上，爆炸。

Now, if that is not all powerful and all present,

以及為什麼我對毒液如此著迷。

with forced access to the Natural History Museum.

and my parents used museums as a form of childcare.

而我的父母把博物館作為一種育兒方式。

and meet Mom and Dad at the African elephants

並在非洲大象那裡見到爸爸媽媽。

Those totally unsupervised days running through the halls of the museum

那些完全沒有人看管的日子，在博物館的大廳裡奔跑著

And that's how I feel when I'm studying venom.

We're boldly exploring this entity that connects nature and humanity.

我們正在大膽地探索這個連接自然和人類的實體。

Another reason that I'm obsessed with venom

When you inject the components of a venom arsenal into an organism,

當你把毒液武庫的成分注射到生物體內。

At a molecular level, several things can happen.

在分子水準上，有幾種情況會發生。

You saw one thing, paralysis in the fish.

Now that was happening because the toxins in the venom

現在發生這種情況是因為毒液中的毒素。

were attacking how the fish's cells communicate with each other,

攻擊魚的細胞之間的交流方式。

Are there other things that I would like to use venom to attack?

還有其他的東西，我想用毒液來攻擊嗎？

they communicate with themselves and their environment around them.

他們與自己和周圍的環境溝通。

So we would like to find venom components

that are very good at disrupting how the tumor cells communicate.

擅長破壞腫瘤細胞的交流方式。

Similar to how the venom disrupted how the fish cells communicated

類似於毒液如何擾亂了魚細胞的交流方式

In my lab, we study cancer as a channelopathy.

在我的實驗室裡，我們把癌症作為一種通道病來研究。

What this means is, basically, we're looking for venom components

這意味著，基本上，我們要找的是毒液的成分。

that will target channels that are overexpressed in tumor cells

將針對腫瘤細胞中過度表達的通道。

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毒液的力量--有朝一日它如何拯救你的生命｜Mandë Holford (The power of venom -- and how it could one day save your life | Mandë Holford)

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