It's called “The Valley of the Shadow of Death,” and it was taken by British photographer

它的名字叫 "死亡陰影谷"，是英國攝影師拍的

Roger Fenton in 1855.

1855年，羅傑-芬頓。

During the first war to be photographed: the Crimean War.

在第一次拍攝的戰爭中：克里米亞戰爭。

A bloody and confusing three-year conflict fought between Russia and an alliance of the

一場血腥而混亂的三年衝突在俄羅斯和一個聯盟之間打響。

Ottoman Empire, United Kingdom, France, and Sardinia.

奧斯曼帝國、英國、法國和撒丁島。

The photo is part of a large collection taken by Fenton.

這張照片是芬頓拍攝的一大批照片的一部分。

Who was sent to Crimea – a peninsula on the Black Sea in Eastern Europe – to bring

誰被派往克里米亞--東歐黑海上的一個半島--，將。

the war to life through photography.

通過攝影將戰爭推向生活。

Most of the images depict camp life and portraits of soldiers.

畫面大多描繪的是軍營生活和阿兵哥的肖像。

But this one is unique.

但這個是獨一無二的。

Not because there's no one in it.

不是因為裡面沒有人。

But because out of the hundreds of photos Fenton took while he was in Crimea...

但因為在芬頓在克里米亞時拍的數百張照片中... ...

it's the only one with a second version.

這是唯一一個有第二版的。

The two photos are almost identical – they show the same devastated landscape,

這兩張照片幾乎一模一樣--它們顯示的是同樣的破壞性景觀。

from the same tripod position, but with one key difference.

從相同的三腳架位置，但有一個關鍵的區別。

The one that became famous shows cannonballs scattered on the road.

成名的那張顯示炮彈散落在路上。

And in the second photo, they're gone.

而在第二張照片中，他們已經消失了。

Or, is this the second photo?

還是說，這是第二張照片？

Did Fenton clear the cannonballs from the road?

芬頓有沒有清理路上的炮彈？

Or did he put them there himself, as photo historians have alleged?

還是如照片史學家所稱，是他自己放的？

Which photo shows the truth?

哪張照片顯示了真相？

ERROL MORRIS: The fact that there's a pair, by the way, is mysterious in and of itself.

順便說一句，有一對夫妻的事實本身就很神祕。

This is Errol Morris,

我是埃洛爾-莫里斯

Oscar-winning documentary director and collector of… unique taxidermy.

奧斯卡獲獎紀錄片導演和收藏家... 獨特的動物標本。

MORRIS: It's my eyeball collection.

這是我的眼球收藏。

Who went down a rabbit hole of research, a trip across the world, and painstaking photo

是誰鑽進了研究的兔子洞，橫跨世界的旅行，和艱苦的照片。

analysis, just to answer the question:

分析，只是為了回答這個問題。

Which one was taken first?

哪一個是先拍的？

MORRIS: That became the mystery of this pair of photographs.

莫里斯：這就成了這對照片的謎團。

MORRIS: It tortured me.

它折磨著我。

Morris' journey to find the answer – which he chronicled in a three-part essay in the

莫里斯尋找答案的歷程--他在《世界新聞報》的一篇三篇文章中記錄了這一歷程。

New York Times – started with an accusation.

紐約時報--以指控開始。

MORRIS: I first read about them in an essay by Susan Sontag.

莫里斯：我第一次讀到它們是在蘇珊-桑塔格的一篇文章中。

Sontag, an American writer and filmmaker, argued that the famous photo was manipulated

美國作家、電影製片人桑塔格認為，這張著名的照片是被人操縱的

by Fenton.

由芬頓。

That he photographed the scene as he found it, then “oversaw the scattering of cannonballs

他在發現現場時拍下了照片，然後 "監督炮彈的散落"。

on the road” to stage the second image.

在路上 "上演第二形象。

For simplicity, Morris refers to these photos as “ON” and “OFF.”

為了簡單起見，莫里斯將這些照片稱為 "開 "和 "關"。

MORRIS: And so the argument is that “ON” is posed.

莫里斯：所以爭論的焦點是，"ON "是擺在。

MORRIS: And he put them on the road in order to create a more dramatic image.

莫里斯：他把它們放在路上，是為了創造一個更有戲劇性的形象。

MORRIS: But there should be some kind of evidence independent of conjectures about Fenton's

但應該有一些獨立於對芬頓的猜測的證據。

psychology.

心理學。

MORRIS: How from the photographs themselves and from contemporaneous accounts can I decide

莫里斯：我如何從照片本身和同時代的描述中來判斷？

which is which?

孰是孰非

Fenton, in a letter to his wife, says that he took “2 good pictures” in the Valley

芬頓在給妻子的信中說，他在山谷中拍了 "2張好照片"

of the Shadow of Death that day.

的死亡之影，那天。

But there's no mention of which came first, or what happened in the span of time between

但沒有提到哪個先來，也沒有提到在這段時間裡發生了什麼事。

the two exposures.

這兩次曝光。

Five interviews with photo historians and museum curators with expert knowledge on Fenton

採訪了五位攝影史學家和博物館館長，他們對芬頓有專業的瞭解。

left Morris with contradictory conclusions about which photo makes more sense to have

給莫里斯留下了自相矛盾的結論，關於哪張照片更合理，有

been taken first.

已被搶先一步。

And whether or not Fenton wanted to add drama to the scene.

而芬頓是否想在現場增加戲劇性。

MORRIS: Well, maybe he did. Maybe he didn't. That doesn't tell me which photograph was

也許他有。也許他沒有。這並沒有告訴我哪張照片是

taken first.

先採取。

MORRIS: Which comes first, “ON” or “OFF”, “OFF” or “ON?”

"開 "和 "關"，"關 "和 "開"，哪個先來？

The answer would have to come from somewhere within the photos themselves.

答案必須來自於照片本身的某個地方。

MORRIS: Well, I tried everything.

我什麼都試過了。

MORRIS: At first I thought that the shadows…

一開始我以為那些影子...

Maybe if he could better understand the positions of the shadows around objects in the photos,

如果他能更好地理解照片中物體周圍陰影的位置，也許就能做到。

Morris could determine which one was taken later in the day.

莫里斯可以確定哪一個是在當天晚些時候拍攝的。

So, naturally, he flew to the Crimean peninsula.

所以，他自然而然地飛到了克里米亞半島。

And with the help of a local guide, trekked to the exact spot in the Valley of the Shadow

並在當地嚮導的幫助下，跋山涉水來到了影子谷的準確地點。

of Death where Fenton had stood 150 years earlier.

死亡的地方，150年前芬頓站過的地方。

MORRIS: I actually got a cannonball, and placed the cannonball, photographed it at various

莫里斯：其實我是找了一個炮彈，把炮彈放在了不同的位置，拍了照片。

times of day.

一天的時間。

MORRIS: Hoping the shadows would provide the ultimate clue as to before and after.

希望影子能提供前後的最終線索。

And what did you determine? I mean, you had the ball in your hand, you photographed it,

你是怎麼確定的？我的意思是，你有球在你的手，你拍下了它。

you knew which way he was facing. Did that help?

你知道他面對的是什麼方向這樣有用嗎？

MORRIS: No, it didn't.

莫里斯：不，它沒有。

MORRIS: I could not reliably decide which came first.

莫里斯：我無法可靠地決定哪個先來。

There's just too many variables in the chemical processes required to take photos back then

那時候拍照所需的化學工藝變數太多。

to make a reliable guess about what the lighting conditions were.

來對光照條件進行可靠的猜測。

MORRIS: Going to the Crimea, getting a cannonball, finding the actual place in which these photographs

去克里米亞，找一個炮彈，找到這些照片的真實地點。

were taken.

採集了。

MORRIS: Still no definitive answer.

莫里斯：還是沒有明確的答案。

Morris was right about one thing from the beginning though: the solution to which of

不過莫里斯從一開始就說對了一件事：解決哪種。

these photos was taken first is in the photographs themselves.

這些照片是先拍的，是在照片本身。

He was just looking in the wrong place.

他只是找錯了地方。

Obsessing over the cannonballs made sense, but the solution isn't here.

執著於炮彈是有道理的，但解決辦法不在這裡。

It's here. A friend of Morris's spotted it.

它在這裡。莫里斯的一個朋友發現了它。

These rocks moved, and that revealed something about what happened in the time between the

這些岩石移動了，這揭示了一些關於在這段時間內發生的事情。

two photos being taken.

正在拍攝的兩張照片。

MORRIS: If people are walking in this scene, gravity is going to pull them from a higher

如果人們在這個場景中行走，重力會把他們從更高的地方拉過來。

elevation to a lower elevation.

標高到較低的標高。

MORRIS: And by observing the motion of these rocks. We can decide which came first.

通過觀察這些岩石的運動...我們可以決定哪個先來

These rocks determined that ON — the one with the cannonballs in the road — was,

這些石頭決定了ON--就是路上那個炮彈的人--是。

in fact, taken second.

事實上，採取第二。

MORRIS: Without even looking at the cannonballs. How irritating!

連炮彈都不看。真煩人！

The photo we now know to be taken second was displayed in London in 1855, along with Fenton's

我們現在所知道的第二張照片於1855年在倫敦展出，與芬頓的

other photographs of the war.

其他戰爭照片。

Press reviews of the exhibit celebrated the new medium of photography, and praised its

新聞界對此次展覽的評論是對攝影這種新媒體的讚美，並對其進行了讚揚。

accuracy in documenting evidence.

記錄證據的準確性；

They singled out The Valley of the Shadow of Death as a must-see.

他們把《死亡之谷》單列為必看之作。

One reviewer said the photo, which is “literally covered with projectiles” showed with “terrible

一位評論家說，這張 "字面上佈滿彈丸 "的照片顯示出了 "可怕的

distinctness” what British soldiers had “dared and encountered.”

分明 "英國阿兵哥 "所 "敢於和遭遇的"。

MORRIS: The relationship between a photograph and reality is complicated.

莫里斯：照片和現實之間的關係很複雜。

MORRIS: Complicated at best.

莫里斯：最複雜的。

After months of investigation, interviews, and dead ends, Morris definitively figured

經過幾個月的調查、採訪和死衚衕，莫里斯終於搞清楚了......。

out the order of these photos.

出這些照片的順序。

“OFF” comes before “ON.”

"OFF "在 "ON "之前。

But ultimately, we can't really know why these cannonballs were put on this road.

但最終，我們無法真正知道這些炮彈為什麼會放在這條路上。

Or even know for sure if Fenton is the one who moved them.

甚至可以確定是否是芬頓動的手。

There are accounts of British soldiers picking up cannonballs to fire back at the Russians,

有關於英國阿兵哥撿起炮彈向俄國人還擊的記載。

so maybe that's what was happening here.

所以也許這就是這裡發生的事情。

All we know from the two photos, though, is that somebody moved them, for some reason.

不過從這兩張照片中，我們只知道有人把它們挪動了，不知道為什麼。

MORRIS: Every photograph is essentially a mystery.

莫里斯：每一張照片本質上都是一個謎。

MORRIS: And it's a mystery that asks us to figure it out.

這是一個謎團，要求我們把它弄清楚。

Someone walked through this scene.

有人走過這一幕。

They knocked these rocks downhill as they carried cannonballs to the road.

他們把這些石頭打下山，因為他們把炮彈運到了路上。

And seeing that brings us a little closer to one afternoon in 1855 in the Valley of

而看到這些，讓我們更接近於1855年的一個下午，在山谷中

the Shadow of Death.

死亡的陰影。

Even though these two photos are the only nearly-identical pair in Fenton's Crimea

儘管這兩張照片是芬頓的《克里米亞》中唯一一對幾乎相同的照片

collection, there's another shot he attempted multiple times.

收藏，還有一個他多次嘗試的鏡頭。

It's a self portrait – dressed in a Zouave Uniform.

這是一幅自畫像--身穿祖阿夫制服。

The Zouaves were a multinational infantry regiment fighting for the French.

祖阿夫人是為法國人作戰的多國步兵團。

And they were among the groups of soldiers that Fenton photographed in Crimea.

而他們也是芬頓在克里米亞拍攝的阿兵哥群體中的一員。

They originated mostly in Algeria, but also came from other parts of North Africa that

它們主要起源於阿爾及利亞，但也有來自北非其他地區的。

were under French colonial rule.

處於法國殖民統治之下。

Their uniforms were recognizable for their baggy pants and their head coverings, called

他們的制服是可以識別的寬鬆的褲子和他們的頭套，稱為

chéchias.

費茲。

Fenton photographed himself several times dressed in a Zouave uniform he was given –

芬頓多次拍到自己身著祖阿夫制服的照片，他得到的是--。

– and misleadingly captioned it “a zouave” without context.

- 並在沒有背景的情況下，誤導性地將其標題為 "zouave"。

For the record, these are actual Zouaves.

鄭重聲明，這些都是真正的祖阿夫。

Also, if you want to read Errol Morris's full essay on “The Valley of the Shadow

另外，如果你想閱讀埃羅爾-莫里斯關於《影子谷》的完整文章。

of Death,” I linked that in the description.

的死亡，"我在描述中鏈接了。

That essay was a huge inspiration when I was first figuring out what Darkroom would look

當我第一次想出Darkroom的樣子時，那篇文章是一個巨大的靈感。

like as a series, so it's really exciting to get to break down these two photos for

像一個系列，所以它真的很令人興奮的得到分解 這兩張照片為。

an episode. And this is the last one of season two.

一集。而這是第二季的最後一集。

Go check out some of the older ones in the playlist if you haven't seen those, and

如果你沒看過那些，就去看看播放列表裡的一些老片子吧，還有。

as always, thanks for watching.

一如既往，謝謝你的觀看。