to help stem the spread of the virus. Now, after countless months navigating lockdowns,

以幫助阻止病毒的傳播。現在，在經歷了無數個月的禁閉之後。

mask-wearing and social distancing, the question everyone wants to know the answer to is:

戴口罩和社交疏遠，大家都想知道的問題是：。

what exactly will it take to end this pandemic? 

到底要怎樣才能結束這種大流行？

So control of this epidemic is going to have to rely on technology,

所以控制這種疫情要靠技術。

and the technology is almost certainly going to have to be a vaccine.

而這項技術幾乎可以肯定要成為疫苗。

Hi. I am George Rutherford. I'm a professor of epidemiology and pediatrics at the University

嗨，我是喬治-盧瑟福。我是大學的流行病學和兒科教授。

of California, San Francisco. And I've been working in the field of infectious disease

加利福尼亞州，舊金山。我一直在傳染病領域工作。

epidemiology for the last 38 years.

過去38年來，流行病學。

George is right, aside from public health measures like mask wearing, washing your hands

喬治說的對，除了戴口罩、洗手等公共衛生措施外。

and social distancing, by now it's crystal clear that a vaccine will be pivotal

和社會疏遠，到現在已經很清楚，疫苗將是關鍵性的

in really slowing down this pandemic juggernaut and achieving the ultimate goal of 'herd immunity'.

在真正減緩這一流行病的主宰，實現 "群體免疫 "的最終目標。

In order to achieve herd immunity, we need to achieve a level of immunity in excess probably

為了達到群體免疫力，我們需要達到的免疫力水準大概是超過了

of 70% at the population level.

70%的人口水準。


Which is why researchers from all over the globe have been fast-tracking COVID-19

"""，這也是為什麼全球的研究人員都在快速追蹤COVID-19的原因。

vaccine development at an unprecedented rate. But while it's truly incredible that we'll

疫苗的發展速度前所未有。但是，雖然我們真的很不可思議，但我們會。

probably have an effective new vaccine in record time, the reality is it's only the first

可能在創紀錄的時間內有一個有效的新疫苗，現實是它只是第一個

step toward achieving herd immunity. There are other public health obstacles we'll to overcome

實現群體免疫力的一步。還有其他的公共衛生障礙需要我們去克服。

and right now one of the biggest ... is skepticism.

而現在最大的一個......就是懷疑論。

This is the part that really becomes challenging. There's a lot of concerns that these vaccines

這是真正具有挑戰性的部分。有很多人擔心這些疫苗... ...

are being tested so rapidly. My name is Lois Privor-Dumm. I'm the senior advisor for

正在測試如此迅速。我的名字是Lois Privor -Dumm。我是高級顧問

policy advocacy and communication at the International Vaccine Access Center at the Johns Hopkins

在約翰-霍普金斯大學國際疫苗獲取中心進行政策宣傳和交流。

Bloomberg School of Public Health. 

Lois is talking about the growing percentage of

彭博公共衛生學院。

the U.S. population that has voiced concerns about taking a COVID-19 vaccine with many

的美國人，對服用COVID-19疫苗表示擔憂，許多人

worried about potential side effects and how effective it would ultimately be.  One poll

擔心潛在的副作用以及最終的效果如何。 一項調查

from September 2020 found that only 51 percent were likely to get a vaccine if it was available.

從2020年9月發現，如果有疫苗的話，只有51%的人可能會接種疫苗。

And that low number is a big problem, because in order to slow the pandemic

而這個低的數字是個大問題，因為為了減緩流行病的蔓延

we need in excess of 70% of the population to achieve a level of immunity. So what do

我們需要超過70%的人口才能達到免疫力的水準。那麼

we do? 

在做？

It's natural that people have these questions and have these concerns. And it's also important

人們有這些問題，有這些顧慮是很自然的。而且，同樣重要的是

that we address them transparently, talk about what we do know, as well as what we don't

我們以透明的方式處理這些問題，談論我們所知道的和不知道的事情；

know because as soon as we just say that “Oh, don't worry about it, these vaccines are safe,”

因為只要我們說 "哦，別擔心，這些疫苗是安全的"

there's going to be a certain number of people that just push back.

會有一定數量的人，只是推後。

And skepticism isn't the only obstacle we'll have to overcome once we have a vaccine in

懷疑論並不是我們必須克服的唯一障礙 一旦我們有了疫苗

order to stop the pandemic. After you've proven to the population that a vaccine is

為了阻止這種流行病。在你向人們證明了疫苗的作用之後

safe to take, there are still a number of practical hurdles, like distribution and accessibility,

安全服用，但仍存在一些實際障礙，如配送和無障礙。

that need to be figured out. 

需要解決的問題。

To get it to the people, you have to create these incredible supply chains. Then you've

要想把它送到人們手中，你必須建立這些令人難以置信的供應鏈。然後你已經

got to find the venues to vaccinate people, you got to find the people to do the

必須找到場地接種疫苗的人，你必須找到人做的。

vaccination, you got to get the people there. And you got to get them there in a way that

疫苗接種，你得讓人們去那裡。你必須讓他們在那裡的方式，

they're not going to transmit the virus to each other.

他們不會把病毒傳染給對方。

That's not to mention that achieving full immunity from COVID-19, might not be just

更何況實現對COVID-19的完全免疫，可能不僅僅是。

as simple as getting a single shot. Experts have already said that any vaccine that gets

就像打一針那麼簡單。專家已經說過，任何疫苗如果得到

approved for public use will most likely need to be administered in two doses at separate

準許供公眾使用的藥物很可能需要分兩次給藥。

times to ensure full immunity. 

次，以確保充分的免疫力。

So, you're gonna have to keep track of who got the first dose, who got the second dose

所以，你要去必須保持跟蹤 誰得到了第一劑量，誰得到了第二劑量。

and as much as we dislike the idea of an immunity passport, meaning having something

雖然我們不喜歡豁免權護照的想法，但這意味著有一些東西

that says you're immune. I think that for the vaccines we may end up at that level.

說你是免疫的。我覺得對於疫苗來說，我們可能最終會達到這個水準。

While all this seems like an uphill battle, the good news is that we've tried — and

雖然這一切似乎是一場艱苦的戰鬥，但好消息是，我們已經嘗試過了--而且。

succeeded — at doing this before. Take the smallpox vaccination campaign, for example. 

成功地--在做這件事之前。以天花疫苗接種運動為例。

It's just a huge success story, but it's one that I think we can't underestimate how difficult

這只是一個巨大的成功故事，但我認為我們不能低估它的難度。

it was and how much coordination really was needed.

是，到底需要多少協調。

Like COVID-19, the campaign to stop smallpox definitely had its setbacks, including lack of funding

與COVID-19一樣，制止天花的運動肯定也有挫折，包括缺乏資金。

and wavering commitments from countries around the world, among other issues, but ultimately

和世界各國承諾的搖擺不定等問題，但歸根結底還是要靠自己的努力。

it prevailed, thanks to some smart immunization and public health strategies. 

由於一些明智的免疫和公共衛生戰略，它取得了勝利。

What they did was that they quickly identified cases and then fortunately, they were able

他們所做的是，他們很快就確定了案件，然後幸運的是，他們能夠。

to develop a vaccine and develop what was called a ring, essentially around the small

疫苗，並開發出所謂的環，基本上是圍繞著小的

group of people that were in contact with those people that had smallpox. So that way

與那些得了天花的人接觸的群體。所以，這樣一來

it didn't have a chance to spread further. 

它沒有機會進一步傳播。

What's really important here is it was a large effort that required commitment from a lot

這裡真正重要的是，這是一個巨大的努力，需要很多人的承諾。

of different countries, a lot of different people, required commitment from the public

不同的國家，許多不同的人，需要公眾的承諾。

to be vaccinated.  

要接種疫苗。

And while smallpox is very different from COVID-19, we can still draw important lessons

雖然天花與COVID-19有很大的不同，但我們仍然可以從中得到重要的教訓。

from the way we handled pandemics in the past. 

從我們過去處理流行病的方式。

The reality is: in order to make headway against a disease as unrelenting as COVID-19, it is

現實情況是：為了在防治COVID-19這種無情的疾病方面取得進展，必須：

going to take a sustained and coordinated effort from everyone. 

將需要大家持續的協調努力。

Trust is ultimately what we really need to maintain because it's not just trust for the

信任最終才是我們真正需要維護的，因為這不僅僅是信任的問題。

COVID-19 vaccine, but for all of the other vaccines that are out there. We need to ensure

COVID-19疫苗，但對於所有其他疫苗來說。我們需要確保

that we maintain trust in the system going forward, because if we can do this well, then

我們要保持對這個系統的信任，因為如果我們能做好這件事，那麼就能保持對這個系統的信任。

we can protect our population much more effectively and that would be a really positive thing.

我們可以更有效地保護我們的人口，這將是一件非常積極的事情。