My siblings and I grew up on our great-grandfather's farm

我和我的手足都在曾祖父 位於加州的農場長大。

in California.

那是我們的家人及家園。

It was a landscape of our family and our home.

當我們很清楚這一代

When it was clear that nobody in our generation

沒有人想要接手農牧的重擔後，

wanted to take on the heavy burden of ranching,

這個牧場就賣給了一位鄰居。

the ranch was sold to a neighbor.

我們生命的錨被切斷了，

The anchor of our lives was cut,

感覺自己四處飄流，無家可歸。

and we felt adrift in the absence of that land.

那是我第一次了解到

For the first time, I came to understand

要能充分體會事物的價值，

that something valuable can be best understood

不是它存在時，

not by its presence,

而是它不存在時。

but by its absence.

那時，我根本無從知道，

It was impossible to know then

我們鍾愛的事物不復存在的力量

just how powerful the absence of those things we love

會如何深遠地影響我的未來。

would have an impact far into my future.

過去 23 年，我的工作生涯 都與伊凡．旬納一同度過。

For 23 years, my working life was with Yvon Chouinard.

我加入時，他正在設計及製造

I started when he was designing and manufacturing

技術攀岩及攀冰器材，

technical rock and ice climbing equipment

就在加州文圖拉市 鐵路邊上的小鐵皮屋裡。

in a tin shed near the railroad tracks in Ventura.

伊凡決定要為攀岩的人製造衣服，

And when Yvon decided to start making clothes for climbers

並將他的公司命名為 「巴塔哥尼亞」時，

and call this business Patagonia,

我是他最初的六個雇員之一，

I became one of the first six employees,

後來成為執行長，

later becoming CEO

協力打造一間公司，

and helping build a company

不但要創造最好的產品， 還要造福世界，

where creating the best products and doing good by the world

不是只想設計繩子， 其他隨便說說而已。

was more than just a tagline.

多年後，道格．湯普金斯 成為我的丈夫，

Doug Tompkins, who would become my husband years later,

他是伊凡的老友及攀岩同伴，

was an old friend and climbing companion of Yvon's

也是位企業家。

and also an entrepreneur.

他也是 The North Face 及 Esprit 兩大服飾公司的共同創辦人。

He cofounded The North Face and Esprit company.

這三家公司

All three of these businesses

都是由在 1960 年代長大，

were created by people who had grown up through the '60s,

經歷過民權運動、反戰、 女權及和平運動洗禮的人創辦。

shaped by the civil rights, antiwar, feminist and peace movements.

這些價值觀在那幾年間成形，

And those values were picked up in those years

並在這幾間公司內實踐。

and carried throughout the values of these companies.

到了 1980 年代末期，

By the end of the 1980s,

道格決定要完全離開業界，

Doug decided to leave business altogether

將後三分之一的人生

and commit the last third of his life to what he called

投入他所謂的「付地球房租」行動。

"paying his rent for living on the planet."

幾乎同時，我年屆 40 ，

At nearly the same time, when I hit 40,

我準備好要去做人生中全新的事。

I was ready to do something completely new with my life.

我從巴塔哥尼亞公司退休的第二天，

The day after retiring from the Patagonia company,

就飛了六千哩到巴塔哥尼亞這個地方，

I flew 6,000 miles to Patagonia the place

加入道格

and joined Doug as he started what was the first conservation project

在他後三分之一的人生 成立的第一個保育計畫。

of that third of his life.

在那裡我們是企業界的難民，

There we were, refugees from the corporate world,

隱匿在智利南部的海邊小屋裡，

holed up in a cabin on the coast in southern Chile,

被原始雨林圍繞著，

surrounded by primaeval rainforest

智利柏可以在這片雨林活數千年之久。

where alerce trees can live for thousands of years.

我們在一大片曠野之中，

We were in the middle of a great wilderness

是泛美公路唯「二」斷點之一，

that forms one of the only two gaps in the Pan-American highway,

這條路從阿拉斯加的費爾班克斯 延伸到智利的合恩角。

between Fairbanks, Alaska, and Cape Horn.

我們的日常生活受驅策而劇烈變化，

A radical change to our daily lives

因為我們開始認識到

spurred on as we had begun to recognize

美麗與多樣化是怎麼被摧毀的，

how beauty and diversity were being destroyed

幾乎到處都是這樣。

pretty much everywhere.

世界上最後的淨土

The last wild protected places on earth

之所以能維持，

were still wild

主要是因為無情的開發前線

mostly because the relentless front lines of development

還沒有到達而已。

simply hadn't arrived there yet.

道格與我在地球上 數一數二荒涼的地方，

Doug and I were in one of the most remote parts on earth,

普馬林公園的前景仍不明朗，

and still around the edges of Pumalín Park,

那是我們的第一個保育計畫，

our first conservation effort,

工業水產養殖像惡性腫瘤般增長。

industrial aquaculture was growing like a malignancy.

不久之後，其他的威脅 也臨到巴塔哥尼亞地區。

Before too long, other threats arrived to the Patagonia region.

金礦、原始河流上的大壩

Gold mining, dam projects on pristine rivers

以及其他增長的衝突。

and other growing conflicts.

全球經濟成長齊步前進的聲響，

The vibration of stampeding economic growth worldwide

即使遠在南椎體的最尾端也聽到的。

could be heard even in the highest latitudes of the Southern Cone.

我知道進步通常被視為正面的語詞，

I know that progress is viewed, generally, in very positive terms,

好像某種充滿希望的發展。

as some sort of hopeful evolution.

但是從我們的位置來看，

But from where we sat,

我們看到工業發展的黑暗面。

we saw the dark side of industrial growth.

把工業世界觀

And when industrial worldviews are applied to natural systems

用在支持所有生命的自然系統上，

that support all life,

我們開始對待地球像座工廠，

we begin to treat the Earth

生產我們認為所需的東西。

as a factory that produces all the things that we think we need.

我們都痛苦地意識到，

As we're all painfully aware,

那種世界觀的後果就是對人類福利、

the consequences of that worldview are destructive to human welfare,

我們的氣候系統 及野生動物造成破壞，

our climate systems and to wildlife.

道格稱它為進步的代價。

Doug called it the price of progress.

我們就是這樣看的，

That's how we saw things,

而我們想要成為部分的抵抗力，

and we wanted to be a part of the resistance,

抵制所有的潮流。

pushing up against all of those trends.

買下私人土地然後捐出來

The idea of buying private land and then donating it

成立國家公園這個想法

to create national parks

並不新。

isn't really new.

曾欣賞過懷俄明州 大提頓國家公園的風景，

Anyone who has ever enjoyed the views of Teton National Park in Wyoming

或曾在緬因州阿卡迪亞 國家公園露營過的人，

or camped in Acadia National Park in Maine

都受益於這個遠大的想法。

has benefited from this big idea.

透過我們的家族基金會，

Through our family foundation,

我們開始在智利及阿根廷 購買野生動物棲息地。

we began to acquire wildlife habitat in Chile and Argentina.

身為保育生物學的信眾，

Being believers in conservation biology,

我們要做大、做荒野，還要連結。

we were going for big, wild and connected.

有些地方非常原始，

Areas that were pristine, in some cases,

有些地方則需要時間療傷，

and others that would need time to heal,

需要復育。

that needed to be rewild.

我們最後跟願意賣地的賣家 買了超過兩百萬英畝的地，

Eventually, we bought more than two million acres

把這些地重組成私人管理的保護區，

from willing sellers,

同時建築公園基礎設施， 像營地及步道，

assembling them into privately managed protected areas,

給大眾在未來使用。

while building park infrastructure as camp grounds and trails

歡迎所有人。

for future use by the general public.

我們的目標是以新國家公園的形式 捐獻這整片土地。

All were welcome.

你或許會說這不過是 資本家的柔術技巧，

Our goal was to donate all of this land in the form of new national parks.

我們把做生意賺來的私人財富

You might describe this as a kind of capitalist jujitsu move.

部署去保護自然，

We deployed private wealth from our business lives

免得被全球經濟的手奪去。

and deployed it to protect nature

聽起來很棒，

from being devoured by the hand of the global economy.

但是在 90 年代早期的智利，

It sounded good,

荒野慈善事業 ——當時我們就是這麼叫它的——

but in the early '90s in Chile,

根本不為人知，

where wildlands philanthropy, which is what we called it,

我們面對極大的懷疑，

was completely unknown,

從很多面向看都是徹頭徹尾的敵意。

we faced tremendous suspicion,

隨著時間流逝， 最主要是因為我們言行一致，

and from many quarters, downright hostility.

我們開始贏得人心。

Over time, largely by doing what we said we were doing,

過去 27 年，

we began to win people over.

我們永久保護了

Over the last 27 years,

近 1,500 萬英畝的溫帶雨林、

we've permanently protected nearly 15 million acres

巴塔哥尼亞乾草原、

of temperate rainforest,

海岸區、

Patagonian step grasslands,

淡水濕地，

coastal areas,

並創建了 13 座新的國家公園。

freshwater wetlands,

這些地方包括了我們捐的地

and created 13 new national parks.

以及毗連的聯邦政府土地。

All comprised of our land donations

四年前道格划獨木舟出意外去世後，

and federal lands adjoining those territories.

不存在的力量再度襲來，

After Doug's death following a kayaking accident

但是我們在湯普金斯保育基金會 忍受我們的損失，

four years ago,

加速我們的努力。

the power of absence hit home again.

其中，於 2018 年

But we at Tompkins Conservation leaned in to our loss

創建新的海洋國家公園， 佔地約 2,500 萬英畝，

and accelerated our efforts.

地點位於南大西洋。

Among them, in 2018,

不允許任何形式的商業捕魚或捕撈。

creating new marine national parks covering roughly 25 million acres

2019 年，我們完成了 歷史上最大的私人土地捐贈，

in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

我們把最後一百萬英畝 位於智利的保育地

No commercial fishing or extraction of any kind.

轉讓給政府。

In 2019, we finalized the largest private land gift in history,

公私合營

when our last million acres of conservation land in Chile

創建了五座新的國家公園， 並擴建了另外三座。

passed to the government.

這片區域最後比瑞士還大。

A public-private partnership

我們的計畫都是合作的結果。

that created five new national parks and expanded three others.

首先是智利及阿根廷政府。

This ended up being an area larger than Switzerland.

這需要領導人

All of our projects are the results of partnerships.

了解保護他們國家的珍寶 有什麼好處，

First and foremost with the governments of Chile and Argentina.

不只是現在，還有很長的未來。

And this requires leadership

跟相同想法的保育慈善家一同合作，

who understands the value of protecting the jewels of their countries,

也在我們所做的一切中發揮了作用。

not just for today, but long into the future.

十五年前，

Partnerships with like-minded conservation philanthropists as well

我們自問：

played a role in everything we've done.

「除了保護地景，

Fifteen years ago,

我們到底還要做什麼 才能創造功能完善的生態系統？」

we asked ourselves,

無論我們在哪裡工作， 我們開始問自己，

"Beyond protecting landscape,

誰不見了？

what do we really have to do to create fully functioning ecosystems?"

哪個物種消失了？

And we began to ask ourselves, wherever we were working,

誰的數量很低、經不起打擊？

who's missing,

我們也必須問，

what species had disappeared

「怎麼做才能消除

or whose numbers were low and fragile.

最初這些物種絕種的根本原因？」

We also had to ask,

現在看起來很明顯的事，

"How do we eliminate the very reason

當時對我們簡直就是晴天霹靂。

that these species went extinct in the first place?"

而它改變了我們所作一切的本質，

What seems so obvious now

完全改變。

was a complete thunderbolt for us.

除非社群裡的每一份子 都存在並蓬勃發展，

And it changed the nature of everything we do,

不然我們不可能留下 功能完善的生態系統。

completely.

從那時起我們成功地 重新引進幾種當地的原生種

Unless all the members of the community are present and flourishing,

回到伊貝拉濕地：

it's impossible for us to leave behind fully functioning ecosystems.

大食蟻獸、

Since then, we've successfully reintroduced several native species

南美草原鹿、

to the Iberá Wetlands:

貒豬，

giant anteaters,

以及終於成功、非常難搞的 綠翅金剛鸚鵡，

pampas deer,

牠在那個生態系統裡 已經消失超過一百年之久。

peccaries

今天牠們回來了， 自由飛翔、散播種子，

and finally, one of the most difficult, the green-winged macaws,

理所當然地生活。

who've gone missing for over 100 years in that ecosystem.

在伊貝拉努力的最高點，

And today, they're back, flying free, dispensing seeds,

是把食物鏈頂端的肉食動物 放回正當的地方。

playing out their lives as they should be.

美洲豹在陸地上，巨獺在水中。

The capstone of these efforts in Iberá

數年的反覆試驗，終於生出幼獸，

is to return the apex carnivores to their rightful place.

牠們會被放生，

Jaguars on the land, giant otters in the water.

這是逾半世紀來首次

Several years of trial and error produced young cubs

回到伊貝拉濕地，

who will be released

現在，一百七十萬英畝的伊貝拉公園

for the first time in over half a century

將會提供足夠的空間

into Iberá wetlands,

讓美洲豹在此復育，

and now, the 1.7-million-acre Iberá Park will provide enough space

與鄰近牧場主起衝突的風險很低。

for recovering jaguar populations with low risk of conflict

我們在智利的復育計畫，

with neighboring ranchers.

在巴塔哥尼亞地區 幾個低數量的關鍵物種上獲得進展。

Our rewilding projects in Chile

本來真的快要絕種的南安迪斯鹿、

are gaining ground on low numbers of several key species

美洲小鴕、

in the Patagonia region.

美洲獅及狐狸的數量都增加了。

The huemul deer that is truly nearly extinct,

你知道，不存在的力量一點用都沒有，

the lesser rheas

如果它只會讓我們懷舊或絕望。

and building the puma and fox populations back up.

相反地，

You know, the power of the absent can't help us

它只有在激勵我們

if it just leads to nostalgia or despair.

去找回失去的東西時才有用。

To the contrary,

當然，復育的首要步驟

it's only useful if it motivates us

就是要在一開始就能想像 這件事有機會成功。

toward working to bring back what's gone missing.

紀錄在期刊中的豐富野生動物

Of course, the first step in rewilding

不只是塵封在舊書中的故事。

is to be able to imagine that it's possible in the first place.

你能想像嗎？

That wildlife abundance recorded in journals

你相信這個世界可以更美

aren't just stories from some old dusty books.

更公平？

Can you imagine that?

我可以。

Do you believe the world could be more beautiful,

因為我曾看過。

more equitable?

舉個例子。

I do.

2004 年我們買下這座

Because I've seen it.

智利及巴塔哥尼亞 數一數二大的牧場時，

Here's an example.

它看起來像這樣。

When we purchased one of the largest ranches

一個世紀以來，這片土地被過度放牧，

in Chile and Patagonia, in 2004,

就像世界上大多數的草地一樣。

it looked like this.

土壤侵蝕非常嚴重，

For a century, this land had been overgrazed by livestock,

幾百哩的圍籬

like most grasslands around the world.

圈住了野生動物，不讓牠們進出。

Soil erosion was rampant,

那還是只有少量的 野生動物留存的情況。

hundreds of miles of fencing

當地的美洲獅及狐狸 被迫害了數十年，

kept wildlife and its flow corralled.

使得牠們的數量很低。

And that was with the little wildlife that was left.

今天，這些土地為

The local mountain lions and foxes had been persecuted for decades,

佔地七十六萬三千英畝的 巴塔哥尼亞國家公園，

leaving their numbers very low.

看起來像這樣。

Today, those lands are the 763,000-acre Patagonian National Park,

亞賽里奧以前是牛仔，

and it looks like this.

他過去幾年的工作 就是先找到美洲獅然後殺了，

And Arcelio, the former gaucho,

今天他是這個公園 野生動物團隊的首席追蹤人，

whose job was to first find and kill mountain lions in the years past,

他的故事抓住了 世界各地的人的想像力。

today is the head tracker for the park's wildlife team,

無限可能。

and his story captures the imagination of people around the world.

我跟大家分享這些心得與圖像， 不是為了自我祝賀，

What is possible.

而是要直指一點，

I share these thoughts and images with you not for self-congratulations,

並提出一個急迫的挑戰。

but to make a simple point

如果問題是要生存，

and propose an urgent challenge.

生命多樣化的生存及人類尊嚴，

If the question is survival,

以及健康的人類社會，

survival of life's diversity and human dignity

那麼答案就必須包括復育地球。

and healthy human communities,

愈多、愈快愈好。

then the answer must include rewilding the Earth.

每個人都可以在其中扮演角色，

As much and as quickly as possible.

但特別是我們這群有特權、

Everyone has a role to play in this,

有政治力量、

but especially those of us with privilege,

有財富的人，

with political power,

承認吧，無論好壞，

wealth,

那就是我們運籌帷幄未來的地方。

where, let's face it, for better, for worse,

這就直搗問題核心。

that's where the chess game of our future is played out.

我們是否已經下定決心 要改變這個故事的結局？

And this gets to the core of the question.

過去幾個月這個世界做出的改變，

Are we prepared to do what it takes to change the end of this story?

為了停止新冠肺炎傳播，

The changes the world has made in the past few months

對我來說前途光明，

to stop the spread of COVID-19

因為它展示出我們可以 在絕望的情況下聯合起來。

are so promising to me,

我們現在正在經歷的或許是

because it shows we can join forces under desperate circumstances.

因氣候危機而造成 更廣泛潛在危險的前驅。