Name: Are all of your memories real? - Daniel L. Schacter
Uploaded: 2020-11-05T18:47:33.000Z
Duration: 5 min 18 s

譯者: Yi-Ping Cho (Marssi) 審譯者: Regina Chu

participants recalled getting lost  in a shopping mall as children.

Some shared these memories in vivid detail—

要求受試者回想自己小時候 在購物中心走失的情況。

one even remembered that the old man who rescued him

But none of these people  had actually gotten lost in a mall.

但這些受試者 其實都未曾在購物中心走失。

when the psychologists conducting  the study told them they'd gotten lost,

他們會製造出這些錯誤的記憶，

and although they might not remember the incident,

是因為做這個研究的心理師 說他們曾經走失，

雖然他們可能不記得這起意外，

And it wasn't just one or two people  who thought they remembered getting lost—

認為自己記得走失的 不只有一兩個人，

but they actually reflect  a very common experience.

這些研究結果聽起來讓人難以置信，

And though we still don't know precisely what causes this fallibility

雖然我們不太清楚在神經方面 是什麼造成這樣的謬誤，

research has highlighted some  of the most common ways our memories

研究點出造成我們的記憶 偏離事實的幾個常見原因。

「走失」這項研究指出我們是如何

The mall study highlights how we can incorporate information

──像是他人言論或是新聞──

融入我們的個人回憶，而毫無自覺。

into our personal recollections without realizing it.

這種暗示只是影響 我們記憶的其中一種方式。

This kind of suggestibility is just  one influence on our memories.

研究人員在短時間內 給受試者隨機看幾張照片，

in which researchers briefly showed  a random collection of photographs

其中有幾張照片 是他們未曾造訪的大學校園。

including images of a university campus none of them had ever visited.

大部分的受試者說他們也許或一定

a majority of participants said  that they had probably or definitely

受試者錯把情境裡的資訊 ──也就是他們見過的照片──

The participants misattributed information from one context— an image they'd seen—

也就是他們印象中 自己經歷過的事件。

onto another— a memory of something they believed they actually experienced.

在另一項實驗裡， 受試者看著放大鏡的照片，

In another experiment, people were shown an image of a magnifying glass,

他們不斷回想起 自己看到放大鏡和棒棒糖。

They frequently recalled that they saw  the magnifying glass and the lollipop.

對他們來說要把這兩樣東西 和事實湊起來非常難：

They struggled to link the objects  to the correct context—

他們不知道到底哪個是親眼所見， 哪個只是出於想像。

whether they actually saw them, or simply imagined them.

另一項研究中， 心理師詢問超過兩千人

Another study, where a psychologist  questioned over 2,000 people

on their views about the legalization  of marijuana,

highlights yet another kind  of influence on memory.

受試者在 1973 和 1982 年 回答這個問題。

Participants answered questions  in 1973 and 1982.

Those who said they had supported marijuana legalization in 1973,

but reported they were against it in 1982,

較容易有自己 1973 年那時 其實也反對的印象，

were more likely to recall that they were  actually against legalization in 1973—

好讓他們過去和現在的觀點能一致。

bringing their old views in line  with their current ones.

Our current opinions, feelings, and experiences

會誤導我們對過去感受的記憶。

can bias our memories  of how we felt in the past.

研究員給兩組受試者 史上一場戰爭的背景資訊，

researchers gave two groups of participants background information

要求他們去評估 哪一邊比較可能會贏。

on a historical war and asked them to rate the likelihood that each side would win.

They gave each group the same information,

except that they only told one group who had actually won the war—

the other group didn't know  the real world outcome.

理論上，兩組人的答案應該相近，

In theory, both groups' answers  should be similar,

because the likelihood of each side winning

就像預報有雷雨的機率是 20%， 後來真的有雷雨，

if there's a 20% chance of thunderstorms, and a thunderstorm happens,

雷雨的機率並不會 回到過去變成 100%。

the chance of thunderstorms doesn't retroactively go up to 100%.

然而，知道戰爭怎麼結束的那組人

Still, the group that knew  how the war ended

比起另一組不知道的人 預測真正贏家打贏的機率比較高。

rated the winning side as more likely  to win than the group who did not.

這些記憶的謬誤 都會在真實世界造成影響。

All of these fallibilities of memory  can have real-world impacts.

像是如果警察用引導式問句 訊問證人或嫌犯，

If police interrogations use leading questions with eye witnesses or suspects,

其中的暗示就可能造成 錯誤指認或不可信的供認。

suggestibility could result in incorrect  identifications or unreliable confessions.

Even in the absence of leading questions,

錯誤歸因也可能造成 證人的證詞不正確。

misattribution can lead to inaccurate  eyewitness testimony.

如果法官裁定不採信某個證據，

if a judge rules a piece of evidence  inadmissible

並告訴陪審團無視此事， 他們還不見得辦得到。

and tells jurors to disregard it, they may not be able to do so.

在醫療場所裡，如果病人詢求 第二位醫師的看法，

In a medical setting, if a patient  seeks a second opinion

第二位醫師知道前一位的診斷，

and the second physician is aware  of the first one's diagnosis,

that knowledge may bias their conclusion.

我們的記憶並不見得會呈現事實，

Our memories are not ironclad  representations of reality,

And there's not necessarily anything wrong with that—

問題是當我們把記憶當做真相，

the problems arise when we treat memory as fact,

rather than accepting this fundamental truth

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Are all of your memories real? - Daniel L. Schacter

struggle

context

evidence

realize