of all time.

的所有時間。

But not for the reasons you might expect.

但並不是你想象中的原因。

We're not talking about audio capabilities

我們不是在討論音頻功能

or Bluetooth functionality,

或藍牙功能。

but rather what they're made of.

而是他們是由什麼組成的。

Fungus,

菌類。

bacteria,

細菌。

and yeast.

和酵母。

It turns out,

原來是這樣。

mushrooms and a whole lot of other microbes

蘑菇和其他大量的微生物。

can produce materials that rival plastics and even leather.

可以生產出與塑膠甚至皮革相媲美的材料。

And there is a team of scientists

而且有一個科學家團隊

and designers in Finland doing just that.

芬蘭的設計師們就在這樣做。

So, how did they take such

那麼，他們是如何採取這樣的

unusual materials

異物

and turn them into something that could seriously

並將其轉化為可能嚴重

shake up the world of product design?

撼動產品設計的世界？

Nina Pulkkis: The Korvaa project started

Nina Pulkkis。Korvaa項目開始

actually with frustration.

其實與挫折。

Narrator: That's Nina Pulkkis.

旁白：那是Nina Pulkkis.

She's the one who started Korvaa,

她就是Korvaa的始作俑者。

this whole headphone project.

這整個耳機項目。

Pulkkis: I was filming for a documentary

Pulkkis:我在拍一部紀錄片

about microbes and synthetic biology.

關於微生物和合成生物學。

But I was really frustrated

但我真的很沮喪

because I didn't have very good samples

因為我沒有很好的樣品

of what you can actually do with microbes.

的，你實際上可以用微生物做什麼。

Narrator: So she set out on a mission

旁白：所以她開始了一項任務

to see what could be made with them.

看看能用它們做什麼。

She gathered a team of

她召集了一隊人馬

scientists, researchers,

科學家、研究人員。

and designers to make it happen.

和設計師來實現它。

Pulkkis: So, first of all, we started to think,

普爾基斯。所以，首先，我們開始思考。

what kind of a product should we make.

我們應該做一個什麼樣的產品。

Géza Szilvay: There was an idea about making

Géza Szilvay。有一個想法是關於製作

a pair of headphones.

一副耳機。

Narrator: Headphones worked for a couple of reasons.

旁白：耳機能用是有幾個原因的

First, they are an instantly recognizable product.

首先，他們是一個一眼就能識別的產品。

Everyone has them.

每個人都有。

Second, they require lots of leathers

第二，他們需要大量的皮革

and different kinds of plastics,

和不同種類的塑膠。

and those aren't always sustainable materials.

而這些並不總是可持續的材料。

That's because oil and natural gas are two

這是因為石油和天然氣是兩種。

of the main raw materials used to make plastics.

製造塑膠的主要原料之一。

And in 2017,

而在2017年。

368 million headphones were sold worldwide,

全球共售出3.68億副耳機。

a number that's expected to keep growing.

這個數字預計會持續增長。

That means a ton of plastic, leather,

這意味著大量的塑膠、皮革。

and synthetic leathers, materials that rely heavily

和合成革，這些材料在很大程度上依賴於我們的產品。

on nonrenewable, nonbiodegradable resources.

不可再生、不可生物降解的資源。

Korvaa's process is a little different.

Korvaa的過程有些不同。

To start out, the headband is made of bioplastic.

首先，頭帶是由生物塑膠製成的。

To make that bioplastic, the team uses

為了製造這種生物塑膠，該團隊使用了

plain old baker's yeast.

普通的老麵包酵母。

Through chemical processes, they turn that yeast

通過化學過程，它們把酵母菌

into a bioplastic substance.

變成一種生物塑膠物質。

That substance gets 3D-printed and hardened.

這種物質會被3D打印出來並硬化。

Next, the cushioned ear cups.

其次是緩衝式耳罩。

These are made from fungal proteins

這些都是由真菌蛋白製成的

and other plant-based materials grown in the lab.

以及其他在實驗室中種植的植物性材料。

Those materials get injected right into this mold.

這些材料會被直接注入這個模具中。

And when they're dry, they look and feel just like foam.

而當它們幹了之後，它們的外觀和感覺就像保麗龍一樣。

Szilvay: Then the ear-cup covers are made

斯齊瓦伊。那就把耳罩做出來

from fungal, leatherlike material.

由真菌、皮革狀材料製成。

It's made of mycelium.

它是由菌絲體組成的。

One could think of it as root structure of mushrooms.

可以把它看作是蘑菇的根部結構。

Merja Penttilä: Fungi grow in so-called

Merja Penttilä:真菌生長在所謂的

hyphal filamentous forms,

分生絲狀形式。

so they form long, long stretches.

所以它們形成了長長的綿延。

So the material, in a way, grows itself.

所以，材料在某種程度上，會自己生長。

Narrator: And those long stretches of roots

旁白：還有那些長長的樹根

will take the shape of whatever you encourage them to.

將採取任何你鼓勵他們的形狀。

The result?

結果呢？

Something similar to leather.

類似於皮革的東西。

To make the inner mesh part,

要做內網部分。

the team created synthetic spider silk.

該團隊創造了合成蜘蛛絲。

Spider silk is superstrong, lightweight, and elastic.

蜘蛛絲超強、輕盈、有彈性。

But spiders can't spin enough of it.

但蜘蛛是轉不完的。

So they make silk in the lab,

所以他們在實驗室裡做絲綢。

without harming any eight-legged creatures.

而不傷害任何八腳生物。

By electro-spinning that silky material onto a flat surface,

通過將絲質材料電紡到平面上。

they create a mesh material.

他們創造了一種網狀材料。

Then, all those parts get pieced together

然後，所有這些部分都會被拼湊起來

to form a one-of-a-kind headset.

以形成一個獨一無二的耳機。

Manuel Arias Barrantes: I think people

曼努埃爾-阿里亞斯-巴蘭特斯。我認為人們

have this perception

有這種感覺

that fungi is something, like,

那個真菌是什麼東西，像。

dangerous or, like, gross,

危險的或，像，毛。

because it grows on food

因為它生長在食物上

also, that it's rotten.

也是，它的腐爛。

But I think this is slowly changing as more

但我認為這種情況正在慢慢改變，因為更多的

designers and companies are developing

設計師和公司正在開發

materials from natural sources.

來自天然來源的材料；

Saku Sysiö: For a lot of the

Saku Sysiö。對於很多人來說

materials, we didn't know how to use them

我們不知道如何使用這些材料

and how to make them work in this project.

以及如何讓它們在這個項目中發揮作用。

So that made it quite challenging and interesting.

所以，這讓它變得相當具有挑戰性和趣味性。

Pulkkis: So it's really exciting to see

普爾基斯。所以看到這個真的很興奮

how this kind of small project grew

這種小項目是如何成長起來的

into something really much, much bigger

變成真正的更大的東西

just by teaming up all kinds of different people

眾志成城

with different competencies

不同能力

and completely different backgrounds.

和完全不同的背景。

Narrator: That team plans to commercialize

旁白：該團隊計劃將其商業化

these unique materials so they can be used

這些獨特的材料，所以他們可以使用

in all sorts of products.

在各種產品中。

Would you wear these fungus headphones?

你會戴這種菌類耳機嗎？