Not only can oysters make pearls out of grains of sand and taste incredible on the half shell.

牡蠣不僅可以把沙粒做成珍珠，而且半殼上的味道也是不可思議的。

They can also completely transform their environment.

他們也可以徹底改變自己的環境。

One oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water in a single day, leaving it cleaner and

一隻牡蠣一天可以過濾50加侖的水，讓水變得更乾淨，更有活力。

healthier.

更健康。

These amazing shellfish are like the natural cleaning crew of the ocean.

這些神奇的貝類就像海洋的天然清潔工。

But ocean acidification and other climate-related changes are threatening oyster populations,

但海洋酸化和其他與氣候有關的變化正在威脅著牡蠣的數量。

which could be problematic for their entire ocean ecosystem.

這可能會給它們的整個海洋生態系統帶來問題。

The world's oceans work like a giant sponge soaking in heat energy and carbon dioxide

世界上的海洋就像一塊巨大的海綿，吸收著熱能和二氧化碳。

from the atmosphere.

來自大氣層的。

And while this may actually help to mitigate some of the effects of climate change on land

雖然這實際上可能有助於減輕氣候變化對土地的一些影響。

that extra heat and co2 is affecting the natural chemical balance of the ocean.

額外的熱量和二氧化碳正在影響海洋的自然化學平衡。

And so all that carbon dioxide that we put into the atmosphere, about a third of it goes

所以所有我們排放到大氣中的二氧化碳，大約有三分之一會被排放出去

straight into the ocean.

直入大海。

And that carbon dioxide is fundamentally changing the chemistry of the ocean, and that's the

二氧化碳從根本上改變了海洋的化學成分，這就是我們要做的

phenomenon that we call ocean acidification.

我們稱之為海洋酸化的現象。

And how this acidification or change in the ocean's pH balance is going to impact the

而這種酸化或海洋酸鹼度平衡的變化將如何影響海洋的酸鹼度。

ocean's smallest creatures is a major focus of Dr. Hill's research.

海洋中最小的生物是希爾博士研究的重點。

So what we see in laboratory experiments that we've done here at the Bodega Marine Lab is

是以，我們看到在實驗室實驗 我們已經做了在這裡博德加海洋實驗室是

that the more and more acidic the water gets, the stronger negative response you get from animals.

水的酸性越強，動物的負面反應就越強。

Animals like oysters and mussels tend to grow smaller, thinner shells.

牡蠣和貽貝等動物往往長出較小、較薄的殼。

25 miles down the road from Dr. Hill's lab, oyster farmer Terry Sawyer was noticing something

離希爾博士實驗室25英里遠的地方 牡蠣養殖戶特里-索耶注意到了一件事：

similar with his oysters - that they were dying at higher rates, and at the deaths were in

牡蠣的情況也是如此--它們的死亡率較高，而且死亡人數也在不斷增加。

correlation with high acidification of the water where they were growing.

與它們生長的水的高度酸化有關。

So when Terry and Dr. Hill met at a conference, something clicked.

所以當Terry和Hill博士在一次會議上相遇時，就有了一些契機。

So Dr. Hill and I were like looking at each other like wait...

所以希爾醫生和我就像看著對方一樣，等待... ...

Dr. Hill is based out of Bodega Laboratory just in the north of here 45 minutes away,

希爾博士在博德加實驗室工作，就在北邊45分鐘車程的地方。

we're here, we're in the water all the time.

我們在這裡，我們在水中所有的時間。

We do a lot of

我們做了很多

thinking about sort of how to translate that work from what we know about the native oyster

思考如何從我們對在地牡蠣的瞭解中轉化出這項工作

to the oysters that they are growing

牡蠣的生長

at the farm.

在農場。

With the resources and daily data Terry and his team are able to gather in the

通過資源和日常數據，Terry和他的團隊能夠收集到的資源和日常數據在

farm, they're able to track in real time how water chemistry is impacting oyster yields,

養殖場，他們能夠實時跟蹤水化學對牡蠣產量的影響。

which obviously benefits Terry's business, but can also lead to a greater understanding

這顯然對Terry的業務有利，但也可以使人們更好地瞭解他的業務。

of the world's marine life.

世界上的海洋生物。

And what that data is showing is that the high carbon dioxide

而這些數據顯示的是，高濃度的二氧化碳。

levels are making it difficult for oysters to grow their shells.

水準正在使牡蠣難以長出殼來。

And if oysters can't grow strong shells many won't survive to maturity, which means a blow

如果牡蠣不能長出結實的殼，很多牡蠣就不能活到成熟，這就意味著打擊。

to the oyster economy, but also to the health of our oceans.

牡蠣經濟，但也對我們海洋的健康。

Lowering of the pH.

降低pH值。

the acidifying of the water is directly related to the amount of co2 that's produced by the

水的酸化直接關係到二氧化碳的產生量。

anthropogenic activities, burning of fossil fuel, co2, greenhouse gases, etc.

人為活動、燃燒化石燃料、二氧化碳、溫室氣體等。

All of these things are being produced by a lot of activities we have.

這些東西都是由我們的很多活動產生的。

What happens is the carbon dioxide mixes into the surface water of the ocean and forms carbonic acid.

發生的情況是二氧化碳混合到海洋的表層水中，形成碳酸。

This then dissolves into bicarbonate and a whole bunch of extra hydrogen ions.

這就會溶解成碳酸氫鹽和一大堆額外的氫離子。

It's these hydrogen ions that cause the real problem here.

這些氫離子才是真正的問題所在。

As animals are trying to build their shell material, they're actually pulling the building

當動物們試圖建造它們的外殼材料時，它們實際上是在拉動建築物

blocks of that shell material out of the water column.

該貝殼材料的塊狀物從水柱中取出。

And so they're building their shell from, for example, a calcium ion and a carbonate ion.

所以它們在構建自己的外殼，比如說，一個鈣離子和一個碳酸根離子。

Marine bivalves like

海洋雙殼類動物，如

oysters combine the calcium ions and the carbonate ions into solid crystals of calcium

牡蠣將鈣離子和碳酸根離子結合成固體的鈣質晶體。

carbonate that they use to form their shells, but hydrogen ions from the dissolved co2 in

碳酸鹽，它們用它來形成自己的外殼，但氫離子從溶解的co2中。

the ocean have a tendency to bond with the carbonate ions, leaving fewer available for

海洋有一種傾向，即與碳酸鹽離子結合，使可用於碳酸鹽的離子減少。

the newly spawned oysters.

新產的牡蠣。

The vulnerable stages of any organism are at the larval stage.

任何生物的脆弱階段都是在幼蟲階段。

And so if you start affecting how hard it is for that organism to live. In this case

所以如果你開始影響那個生物體的生存難度。在這種情況下

for an oyster to build a shell, then that's going to lead to problems with it being able

牡蠣要建殼，那就會導致它的能力出現問題。

to be a viable organism.

才能成為一個有生命力的生物體。

Basically, the more energy the oyster has to waste competing with hydrogen ions for

基本上，牡蠣在與氫離子競爭的過程中浪費的能量越多

shell material, the less energy it has for growing big and strong.

殼材料，它做大做強的能量就會減少。

It can also result in a weaker shell,

這也會導致外殼較弱。

so that shell now is compromised where it's too thin or breaks easily, then it can no

所以現在的外殼太薄或容易破損，那麼它就不能夠

longer seal itself out, seal that that poor water quality out and they will not be viable.

再把自己封死，把那個差的水質封死，他們就無法生存了。

Terry and Dr. Hill are also working together to actually simulate future water conditions

Terry和Hill博士也在一起合作，實際模擬未來的水情。

in the lab, in order to try to predict what may happen to oysters

在實驗室中，為了嘗試預測牡蠣可能發生的事情。

in the coming decades,

在未來幾十年裡，。

We built almost a decade ago, built an experimental setup that kind of operates like a time machine.

我們在近十年前，建立了一個實驗性的設置，有點像時間機器的操作。

We can dial in today's carbon dioxide values in a tank.

我們可以把今天的二氧化碳值撥到一個罐子裡。

And then in the tank next door we can actually ramp it up and maybe put the carbon dioxide

然後在隔壁的罐子裡，我們可以提高它的速度，也許可以把二氧化碳放進去。

concentrations that you'd see in 100 years

100年後的濃度

with acidification levels rising 30% since the Industrial Revolution, it's critical to

自工業革命以來，酸化水準上升了30％，是以，至關重要的是，必須要有一個良好的環境。

be tracking the problem now, and try to work on how to be ready for

追蹤問題，並努力研究如何準備好迎接

the future.

未來。

Oftentimes when you hear about ocean acidification,

很多時候，當你聽到關於海洋酸化。

it seems like this sort of distant chemical problem that the ocean is experiencing.

好像是海洋正在經歷的這種遙遠的化學問題。

And if you go to Hog Island Oyster Company and you have, you know you're sitting at a

如果你去豬島牡蠣公司，你有，你知道你坐在一個。

picnic table and you have lunch sitting in front of you, all the sudden we can talk about

野餐桌，你有午餐 坐在你的面前，所有的突然，我們可以談論

ocean acidification in a way that's about a family business, and a coastal economy,

海洋酸化的方式，關係到一個家族企業，和沿海經濟。

and the food on our plates, and a future that we want for our kids.

和我們盤子裡的食物，以及我們希望孩子們的未來。

This data from the lab and the data collected by instruments placed at the farm itself,

這些來自實驗室的數據和放置在農場本身的儀器收集的數據。

all help Terry address acidification by knowing precisely when the pH differences lead to

都能幫助Terry解決酸化問題，準確地知道什麼時候pH值差異會導致酸化。

high mortality rates.

死亡率高；

From this, he can figure out which oyster strains are more resilient

由此，他可以算出哪些牡蠣品系的抗逆性更強。

than others.

比別人。

But this won't solve the problem outright.

但這並不能徹底解決這個問題。

In the end it all comes down to the carbon dioxide that's blasting nonstop into the atmosphere

最後，這一切都歸結於二氧化碳，不停地在大氣中爆炸。

and getting soaked up by the ocean.

並被大海浸泡。

I think ocean acidification is a problem that we can confront and change the course of the

我認為海洋酸化是一個我們可以面對的問題，也是一個可以改變航向的問題。

problem.

問題。

So, just like the other issues that we are dealing with with climate change, the fundamental

是以，就像我們正在處理的氣候變化的其他問題一樣，根本的問題是，我們必須要有一個明確的目標。

issue is our carbon dioxide emissions.

問題是我們的二氧化碳排放。

More people need to be aware of this and what has change look like.

更多的人需要意識到這一點，以及變化的樣子。

It actually means a lot of changes in our behaviors.

這其實意味著我們的行為發生了很多變化。

And that means everything from efficiencies, on how we run our heating systems to producing

這意味著從效率，我們如何運行我們的供暖系統到生產。

electricity as to how we get around.

電，因為我們的出行方式。

And I think the other part of this is just know that the collective energy would have

而我認為這其中的另一部分就是知道集體的能量會有。

an amazing impact.

一個驚人的影響。

And I think that's really the important part is that there is something that people can do

我認為這才是真正重要的部分，是人們可以做的事情。