Fake News: Fact and Fiction from BBC

假新聞。BBC的事實與虛構

Learning English. In this series we're

學習英語。在這個系列中，我們要

looking at a topic that's on the tip of

窺一斑而見全豹

everyone's tongues: fake news. Yes fake

大家的舌頭：假新聞。是的，假的

news - we'll find out what it is and what it

新聞--我們會發現它是什麼，它是什麼？

isn't. We'll look at where it comes from

並不是。我們來看看它的來源

and how it can be dangerous and we'll

以及它是如何危險的，我們將。

also show you

也給你看

how you can become a fake news

你怎麼能成為一個假新聞

detective with tips and suggestions for

偵探與建議

developing your critical thinking skills.

發展你的批判性思維能力。

We're starting today with the look at the

我們今天先來看看。

word fake itself - what does it actually

假冒這個詞本身--它到底是什麼

mean and how do we use it? Over to you,

是什麼意思，我們如何使用它？交給你了。

Sam. Okay, well actually, thank you Hugo,

薩姆好吧，其實，謝謝你雨果。

I want to show you something I prepared

我想給你看我準備的東西

earlier so it's really over to me, Sam

早些時候，所以它真的結束了我，薩姆

So what do we know about the word

那麼我們對這個詞有什麼瞭解呢？

fake? The word fake is first recorded in

假貨？假貨一詞最早記載於

the late 18th century.

18世紀末。

It's slang used by criminals in

這是犯罪分子使用的俚語，在這裡

London with meanings connected to their

倫敦，與他們的意思有關

illegal activities. Today it can be an

非法活動。今天，它可以是一個

adjective, a noun or a verb and is used

形容詞、名詞或動詞，用於

when talking about things that are not

談到非

real, not genuine but are designed to

虛虛實實

make people think that they are real or are

讓人覺得他們是真實的或者是

genuine. So where do we see this word?

真正的。那麼我們在哪裡可以看到這個詞呢？

The news is full of stories of fakes - fake

新聞中充斥著假貨的故事--假的

works of art, fake concert tickets, fake

藝術品、假演唱會門票、假

documents and fake qualifications to

證件和假資格證，以

name only a few. In some places you can

僅舉幾例。在一些地方，你可以

buy fake designer goods even knowingly

知假買假

or unknowingly. However those looking

或不知不覺中。然而那些尋找

for a bargain could end up with

討價還價

dangerous fake goods

冒牌貨

or even fake medicines. All these kinds

甚至是假藥。所有這些種類

of fakes can be called counterfeit.

的假貨可以稱為假貨。

Being fake isn't always for criminal

做假貨不一定是為了犯罪

reasons, though. People and how they act

的原因，但。人和他們的行為方式

can be called fake too, like smiling,

也可以說是假的，比如微笑。

laughing being injured and even, even,

笑著被傷害，甚至，甚至。

even, yes, not confident but want to ace

甚至，是的，不自信，但要王牌。

that job interview - fake it till you make it.

工作面試 - 偽造它，直到你做到這一點。

And sometimes what is fake

而有時什麼是假的

is more ethical. For example, if you wear

是比較道德的。例如，如果你穿著

fur is it real or fake? Fake fur is

皮草是真還是假？假皮草是

regarded to be more ethical so much so

禮尚往來

that real fur is sometimes labelled as

真正的毛皮有時會被標為

fake. So knowing what is real and what is

假的。所以知道什麼是真的，什麼是

fake and what is fake fake can be tricky.

假的，什麼是假的假的可謂棘手。

How do we choose what to buy, where to

我們該如何選擇買什麼，在哪裡買？

go, even where to stay? Many of us look

去，甚至是住在哪裡？我們很多人都在尋找

at reviews online but even then we have

在網上的評論，但即使如此，我們有

to watch out for fakes. The digital world

要注意假貨。數字世界

of social media and the internet are

社交媒體和互聯網的

places where it can be very difficult to tell

很難說清的地方

what is fake and what is real and that

虛虛實實

brings us to perhaps the most common

這也許是最常見的

phrase associated with the word fake

假字詞條

these days - fake news

這年頭--假新聞

Fake news - do you hear what I am

假新聞--你聽到我在說什麼了嗎？

saying?

說？

Something different here...Yes, so

這裡有些不同......是的，所以

obviously those were fake ears.

顯然，這些都是假耳朵。

And that's a fake laugh but it's a comedy

這雖然是假笑，但也是喜劇啊

classic fake ears really just to

經典假耳朵真的只是為了

demonstrate that not everything fake is

說明不是所有的假貨都是

bad. And can I say that laugh was a

壞的。我可以說，笑是一個

counterfeit laugh? That's a really good

假笑？這真的很好

question actually but no. So we use the

其實問題卻沒有。所以我們用

word counterfeit to describe real

偽字當頭

objects, real things that are fakes or

物品，真實的東西是假的或

for example documents money, paintings,

比如文件錢、畫。

jewellery, they can all be counterfeit but

首飾，它們都可以是假的，但。

a laugh no matter how fake or false is

笑一笑，假一假

not counterfeit no. And you, have you had

不是假冒的沒有。而你呢，你有沒有

any experience with fake things? So I did

有假貨的經驗嗎？所以我做了

have a friend who was setting up his own

有一個朋友，他正在建立自己的

business and he did ask me to write him

他確實讓我給他寫信

a fake review online. What happened?

網上的一個假評論。怎麼了？

Ah no comment. What about you? I

啊，沒有評論。那你呢？I

haven't bought anything fake or

沒有買過任何假貨或

counterfeit but I think we've seen you

但我想我們已經看到你了

know fake t-shirts, fake shoes, bags

認識假T恤、假鞋、假包包。

everywhere right. But now let's turn to

到處都是吧。但現在讓我們來談談

fake news itself. Yes. So the words fake

假新聞本身。是的。所以假話

and news as we know have existed

聞所未聞

separately for a very long time but as a

分開了很長一段時間，但作為一個

journalist Hugo, when did you start seeing

記者雨果，你什麼時候開始看到的？

them together being used as a thing. I

他們一起被當做一種東西來使用。I

think we all became more familiar with it

想必大家都比較熟悉了

in the 2016 election campaign in the US

在2016年美國大選中

because Donald Trump was a big fan of it

因為唐納德-特朗普是它的忠實粉絲

to essentially dismiss

基本上駁回

anything he didn't like but you may be

他不喜歡的東西，但你可能是

surprised to find out that he wasn't

竟然發現他不是

actually the first one to use it. Earlier

實際上是第一個使用它的人。早前

I was joined by Mike Wendling from BBC

BBC的Mike Wendling也加入了我的行列。

Trending. He's written a piece called 'The

趨勢。他寫了一篇名為《的

almost complete history of fake news' and

幾乎完整的假新聞史 "和

he was here to explain more about the

他是來解釋更多關於

recent history of this term.

這個詞的近代史。

So people may be surprised that Donald

所以人們可能會驚訝於唐納德

Trump wasn't you know the first one to

特朗普並不是你知道的第一個人

use it back in the election in 2016. No

在2016年的選舉中用回。不

actually it was his opponent Hillary

其實是他的對手希拉里

Clinton who was the first person to utter

克林頓是第一個說出這句話的人

the words fake news and she was

假新聞這兩個字，她是

describing a process by which people

描寫了人們

were inventing stories and they were

他們在編造故事，他們在

going viral on social media. These stories

在社交媒體上瘋傳。這些故事

were fake, they were being written... there

是假的，他們正在寫... ... 有

was a famous example that was

是一個著名的例子，是

uncovered by BuzzFeed where these

由BuzzFeed揭祕的這些

stories were being

故事正在

written by people in Macedonia and those

馬其頓人和那些人所寫的

people weren't necessarily interested in

人們不一定對

Trump or interested in bashing Hillary

特朗普或有意抨擊希拉里

Clinton. What they were interested in was

克林頓。他們感興趣的是

money. Through Facebook they could

錢。通過Facebook，他們可以

draw people into their websites and then

吸引人們進入他們的網站，然後

make money off of advertising and

靠廣告賺錢

that's why they wrote these

所以他們才會寫這些

sensationalised completely made-up

瞎編亂造

stories that we now have come to know

故事，我們現在已經知道

as fake news.

作為假新聞。

And misinformation you know fake news

和誤導你知道假新聞

has existed for many many

已存在了很多很多

years right but now the difference is

年，但現在的區別是

social media and how easy it is to you

社交媒體和它是如何容易到你

know spread this kind of disinformation.

知道傳播這種虛假資訊。

That's right - there's always been

沒錯--一直以來都有

mistakes, propaganda, spin, or just lies by

錯誤、宣傳、旋轉，或只是謊言，由...

political candidates, that has always

政治候選人，這一直

existed. This is a new type of

存在的。這是一種新型的

information and a new type of how

資訊和一種新型的如何

information spreads online and what that

資訊在網上傳播，以及什麼

means is that it can be spread faster

意味著它可以更快地傳播

than ever before by people who might be

比以往任何時候都更可能被

anonymous or might be thousands of

隱姓埋名

kilometres away. So it's really a

公里外。所以這真的是一個

challenge for

挑戰

media organisations, social media

媒體機構、社交媒體

organisations and really all of us to

組織和我們所有人都要

try and figure out how to separate the

想辦法把

truth from the fiction. And you can find

從虛構中尋找真相。而你可以發現

out more about Mike's work on the BBC

瞭解更多關於Mike在BBC的工作。

Trending blog on the BBC News website

BBC新聞網站上的熱門博客

and also on the BBC World Service. Mike

也在BBC世界服務上。邁克

thanks for joining us. Thank you.

謝謝你加入我們。謝謝大家

So Sam, what did you make about what

所以，山姆，你做了什麼關於什麼

Mike was saying there? I thought it was

麥克在那裡說？我還以為是

really really interesting and he mentioned

真的真的很有趣，他提到

words like spin and propaganda which we

自旋和宣傳等字眼，我們

are going to talk about more in a later

將會在後面的文章中談及更多

programme but one word I wanted to pick up

但有一個詞我想撿起來

today was the term 'viral' that he used. So

今天是他用的'病毒'一詞。所以

viral is the adjective and it comes from

病毒性是形容詞，它來自於

the noun virus which as you know is a

病毒的名詞，眾所周知，它是一個......的名詞。

medical term and as you also know a

醫學術語，你也知道

virus can spread really, really quickly

病毒會傳播得非常非常快

so when we use something viral when we

所以，當我們使用一些病毒性的東西，當我們

use the term viral, to go viral online, it

用病毒式的說法，在網上走紅，這

basically means it spreads really really

基本上意味著它的傳播非常非常

quickly across the Internet. Yes we all

迅速在互聯網上。是的，我們都

know about it, very interesting. Now

知道它，非常有趣。現在

before we wrap up for today, Sam, remind

在我們結束今天的工作之前，Sam，提醒一下大家

us about the word fake. OK, absolutely.

我們關於這個詞假。好吧，絕對的。

So fake means not real it is not genuine

所以假的就是假的，不是真的，不是真的

and grammatically the word fake can be a

而在文法上，假貨這個詞可以是一個

verb. So you can fake a smile, you can

動詞。所以你可以假裝微笑，你可以

fake a laugh, as Hugo did before, you

假笑，就像雨果之前那樣，你這個

can also fake being confident. It can

也可以假裝自信。它可以

also be a noun so a picture is a fake,

也是一個名詞，所以圖片是假的。

the diamond ring my grandmother left me

我奶奶留給我的鑽戒

was a fake for example, and it is

是假的，例如，它是

commonly used as an adjective so I was

慣用的形容詞，所以我是

talking earlier about the fake review

剛才說到的假檢討

which I of course didn't write and also

當然，這不是我寫的，而且還

if you're unlucky you might buy fake

運氣不好會買到假貨

tickets for a concert or things like

音樂會門票

that. If we're talking about fake objects

那。如果我們說的是假貨

like documents, money or copies of

如文件、金錢或複印件

well-known brands for example you can

知名品牌，例如您可以

also use the word counterfeit. Thank you,

也是用假貨這個詞。謝謝你了

Sam and that's all from us today. Do

Sam，今天就到這裡吧。做

join us again next time on Fake News:

下次再加入我們的假新聞。

Fact and Fiction.

事實與虛構。

Thank you, bye-bye. Goodbye.

謝謝你，再見。拜拜