You're in a room the size of a closet with your entire family.

你和你的全家人在一個衣櫃大小的房間裡。

You can't see a thing, but you can hear on smell everything, every breath, every sneeze it, every cough that hits your face.

你什麼都看不見，但你能聽到聞到一切，每一次呼吸，每一個噴嚏，每一次打在臉上的咳嗽。

This is life in 1/19 century city.

這就是1/19世紀城市的生活。

There's a There's a story off 19th century American history, which is about progress, the rise of America to becoming a great economic power.

19世紀的美國曆史上有一個故事，是關於進步，美國的崛起，成為一個經濟大國。

But there's a pretty grim underbelly to that story on that is a really shocking rate of death to infectious diseases.

但有一個相當嚴峻的底線，在這個故事上，是一個非常令人震驚的傳染病死亡率。

America in the 17 hundreds is, to a large extent, a country off Hamlets and villages and small towns with a few cities which are slowly growing.

17世紀的美國，在很大程度上，是一個關乎哈姆雷特、村莊和小城鎮的國家，有幾個城市在慢慢發展。

Come the 18 hundreds, cities like Boston and New York are doubling and doubling again.

到了18百年，波士頓和紐約等城市又翻了一倍又一倍。

Technological innovation was thriving titans of business like Rockefeller and Carnegie, growing industries at unprecedented rates.

技術創新是洛克菲勒和卡內基這樣的商業巨頭蓬勃發展，以前所未有的速度發展產業。

Railroads were transporting people in things faster.

鐵路運送人的東西速度更快。

Machines were making things more efficiently than humans ever had in history.

機器製造的效率比人類歷史上任何時候都要高。

This was, quite literally a revolution.

這簡直就是一場革命。

Tons of new jobs were created, but here's the thing.

創造了大量新的就業機會，但問題是：

The city's weren't ready for all those people.

城市還沒有準備好迎接所有這些人。

So places like New York City ended up packing these newcomers into cheap apartments or tenements.

所以，紐約市等地最後把這些新來的人裝進了廉價的公寓或唐樓。

They were small and rarely had windows, so there was no light or ventilation houses air overcrowded.

它們很小，很少有窗戶，所以沒有光照或通風房屋空氣擁擠。

They're working in factories there, breathing on one another.

他們在那裡的工廠裡工作，互相呼吸。

They're contaminating one another with their germs and also with feces.

他們用自己的病菌，也用糞便互相汙染。

That's right, feces.

是的，糞便。

That's because there weren't proper sanitation or sewer systems or clean water supplies very rapidly.

那是因為沒有適當的衛生或下水道系統或清潔的水供應非常迅速。

People are starting to drink water, which contains feces from their neighbors.

人們開始飲用含有鄰居糞便的水。

There are a number of diseases that claimed a lot of lives.

有一些疾病奪走了很多人的生命。

The most serious were respiratory illnesses.

最嚴重的是呼吸道疾病。

On the biggest killer of all was tuberculosis.

上最大的殺手是肺結核。

Tuberculosis killed one in seven in the United States and Europe.

在美國和歐洲，每七人中就有一人死於結核病。

At this point, people came to suspect that their living conditions influence their health.

這時，人們開始懷疑自己的生活環境影響了自己的健康。

They began to argue.

他們開始爭論起來。

If you want to combat diseases, you've simply got to clean up the slum areas.

要想防治疾病，只要把貧民區清理乾淨就可以了。

In fact, in New York in the 18 thirties, they have people sweep the streets, and this has barely being done for decades, and they're amazed to find that underneath A with the mock of the filth on the decomposing animal bodies, they were actually Coble servants.

其實，在1830年代的紐約，他們讓人掃街，這幾十年來幾乎沒有人做過，他們驚奇地發現，在A與腐爛的動物屍體上的汙物的嘲諷下，他們居然是科布爾的僕人。

They're all doing this because they believe in my asthma's these gasses that rise up from decomposing matter, which they believe somehow cause sickness.

他們這樣做是因為他們相信我的哮喘病... ...這些氣體從分解的物質中升起，他們相信這些氣體會導致疾病。

But the effort to clean cities got a major push in the late 19th century, when doctors and scientists were able to prove that diseases were not caused by my asthma's but by germs.

但清潔城市的努力在19世紀末得到了很大的推動，當時醫生和科學家能夠證明疾病不是由我的哮喘引起的，而是由細菌引起的。

One of those doctors was Robert Coke.

其中一位醫生就是羅伯特-科克。

Robert Cock was a German general practitioner who, in his spare time when not treating patients, devoted endless hours to investigating disease.

羅伯特-考克是一位德國全科醫生，在不治療病人的空閒時間，他把無盡的時間投入到研究疾病的工作中。

Under the microscope.

在顯微鏡下。

He discovered that specific germs caused specific diseases, but he's probably best known for his work in tuberculosis.

他發現特定的病菌會引起特定的疾病，但他最著名的可能是他在結核病方面的工作。

He discovered the germ responsible and found that it's transmitted through the air.

他發現了負責的病菌，發現它是通過空氣傳播的。

Now that people realize what causes infectious disease, they have every incentive, making sure that people have clean water.

現在，人們意識到了傳染病的原因，他們完全有動力，確保人們有乾淨的水。

Do you wash your hands?

你洗過手嗎？

You wash away many of the disease carrying smudges you may have picked up on.

你洗掉了許多可能被你撿到的帶病汙漬。

They have sewage pipes to take away the affluence.

他們有汙水管道來帶走富裕的人。

What this leads to is large scale civil engineering projects across America.

由此帶來的是全美大規模的土木工程項目。

Due to the improved access to clean water in the first few decades of the 20th century, US cities saw an estimated 50% drop in mortalities laws were also passed to reform housing in the cities to ensure residents had sufficient light and proper ventilation in their homes.

由於在20世紀的前幾十年，美國城市獲得清潔水的機會有所改善，死亡率估計下降了50%，還通過了改革城市住房的法律，以確保居民有足夠的光線和適當的通風。

E In less than 20 years, the death rate from tuberculosis plummeted from one out of every seven.

在不到20年的時間裡，結核病的死亡率從每7人中就有1人驟降。

Two more like one in 1000 in the United States.

在美國，還有兩個像千分之一的人。

Robert Coat even got a Nobel Prize for the impact of his tuberculosis research.

羅伯特-高特甚至因為其結核病研究的影響而獲得了諾貝爾獎。

Life generally was getting better and better for Americans knowing that germs cause disease was a significant component off about.

生活普遍越來越好的美國人知道病菌致病是一個重要的組成部分關約。