Is that really possible?

這真的可能嗎？

Could you really kill with a kiss?

你真的可以用一個吻殺人嗎？

Direwolves aren't riel, are they?

狼人不是瑞爾吧？

Like millions of people worldwide?

像全球數百萬人一樣？

I'm a massive fan of game of Thrones.

我是《權力的遊戲》的忠實粉絲。

White walkers, dragon writers, plot, twisted politics, the works.

白行者，龍族作家，劇情，扭曲的政治，作品。

But I'm not just a fan.

但我不只是一個粉絲。

I'm also a science writer.

我也是一個科普作家。

So while half my brain dreams about befriending a dire wolf, the other half questions.

所以，當我的一半大腦夢見與大灰狼交好的時候，另一半大腦卻在質疑。

If it's really possible to crush someone's skull with your bare hands, is it just a TV show?

如果真的可以徒手捏碎別人的頭骨，那只是電視劇嗎？

Yes.

是的，我知道

Is it a fantasy TV show?

這是一部奇幻電視劇嗎？

Also?

還有？

Yes.

是的，我知道

Um, I still gonna analyze it anyway.

嗯，反正我還是要分析一下。

Oh, yeah, Let's get this out of the way.

哦，是的，讓我們得到這個的方式。

I know.

我知道，我知道

I know there's magic in game of Thrones when you're talking about fire, breathing, dragons and vision granting trees science on Lee gets you so far.

我知道《權力的遊戲》裡有魔法，當你在談論火、呼吸、龍和賦予視覺的樹時，李的科學就能讓你走得更遠。

But even so, you can find riel, science and even some of the most fantastical elements of the show.

但即便如此，你也能在劇中找到瑞爾、科學甚至是一些最奇幻的元素。

Take, for example, the long night theaters for the long night, when the sun hides for years and Children are born and live and die all in darkness.

就拿長夜劇場來說吧，長夜裡，太陽躲了好幾年，孩子們的出生和生死都在黑暗中。

On the show, Old Man tells brand of a winter that lasted for a generation.

在節目中，老爺子講述了持續了一代人的冬天的品牌。

Kings froze to death in their castle, Samos, the shepherds in the hearts and with all her talk of white walkers and giant ice spiders, the whole story seems far fetched.

國王們凍死在他們的城堡裡，薩摩斯，心中的牧羊人，她所說的白色喪屍和巨大的冰蜘蛛，整個故事似乎很牽強。

But it turns out, Ah, long night could happen in our world.

但事實證明，啊，長夜可能發生在我們的世界裡。

In fact, it already has.

事實上，它已經有了。

20,000 years ago, an ice sheet hundreds of meters thick covered most of Canada and parts of the US 25% of the planets landmass was covered in ice year round.

2萬年前，厚達數百米的冰層覆蓋了加拿大大部分地區和美國部分地區，地球上25%的陸地常年被冰層覆蓋。

That's more than double what we see today.

這比我們今天看到的要多一倍。

The world was five degrees Celsius colder that in modern times in some regions reaching 22 degrees Celsius lower than today.

世界上的溫度比現代低5攝氏度，有些地區的溫度比今天低22攝氏度。

Now this cold wasn't brought on by white walkers.

現在這種寒冷不是白色喪屍帶來的。

It was actually part of a regular cycle in Earth's climate and ice age, specifically an extra cold part of an ice age where ice sheets creep down from the polls.

這其實是地球氣候和冰河時代的一個規律性週期的一部分，具體來說是冰河時代的一個特冷部分，冰層從民調中爬下來。

It's possibly caused when the upper part of the Northern Hemisphere receives less sunlight due to a bunch of factors like how much the planet wobbles on its axis and how its orbit around the sun changes shape.

這可能是由於北半球的上半部分接收到的陽光較少，由於行星在軸線上的晃動程度以及圍繞太陽的軌道形狀如何變化等一系列因素造成的。

And the last time this happened, the ice sheet made it all the way to New York City in the East, while Manhattan was buried, parts of Brooklyn and Queens were left uncovered.

而上一次發生這種情況時，冰層一直到紐約市東部，而曼哈頓被埋沒，布魯克林和皇后區的部分地區則沒有被覆蓋。

So in a way, New York's outer boroughs are like a real life winterfell.

所以從某種程度上來說，紐約的外區就像一個真實的冬宮。

We even have a wall, Ah, 60 m tall ridge overlooking the outer boroughs.

我們甚至有一堵牆，啊，60米高的山脊，可以俯瞰外區。

Now, as Mr Ammann said, stocks are always right.

現在，正如安曼先生所說，股票永遠是對的。

Eventually, winter is coming.

最終，冬天要來了。

So is another glacial period on its way?

那麼是不是又一個冰川期即將到來？

Well, we're in the middle of what's called an interglacial period.

我們現在正處於所謂的間冰期中

That's a warmer time.

那是一個溫暖的時代。

When the ice sheet is in retreat and somewhere in the range of tens of thousands of years, the glacial period will return, bringing the ice with it.

當冰原退縮，在某處幾萬年的時候，冰川期就會回來，帶來冰川。

So, yes, winter is coming eventually, but enough doom and gloom.

所以，是的，冬天終究是要來的，但是，足夠的厄運和陰霾。

Let's talk about puppies brilliantly smart and unfailingly loyal.

讓我們來談談小狗的聰明才智和無微不至的忠誠。

Who wouldn't want a dire wolf for six?

誰會不想要六隻恐狼呢？

But, sadly, Nigeria ghosts and gray wind are as mythical as Drogon, regal and vegetarian.

但可惜的是，尼日利亞鬼子和灰風就像神話中的德羅貢一樣，攝人心魄，素面朝天。

After all, they have a magic bond with the Starks and can detect zombies that being said, Direwolves, spelled like this really did roam the earth prowling the Americas between 125,000 and 10,000 years ago.

畢竟，他們與史塔克家族有一種魔法聯繫，可以探測到殭屍，說起來，迪雷狼，這樣拼寫確實在12.5萬年到1萬年前，在美洲的地球上游蕩徘徊。

Hunting in packs, they took down prey as large as a 300 kg moose.

它們成群結隊地狩獵，打下的獵物有300公斤重的麋鹿那麼大。

Sound familiar?

聽起來很熟悉？

No Monty lines in these woods, but unlike the Starks mascot, these dog goes never grew to the size of a small horse.

這片樹林裡沒有蒙蒂的臺詞，但與斯塔克吉祥物不同，這些狗去從來沒有長到小馬的大小。

Don't get me wrong.

別誤會我的意思

They were still enormous.

他們還是很龐大的。

They were about two thirds larger than today's gray wolves.

它們比今天的灰狼大三分之二。

And while humans and direwolves did live in the same range at the same time, they probably weren't as close as Brandon.

而人類和恐狼確實同時生活在同一個範圍內，但他們可能沒有布蘭登那麼親密。

Summer Direwolves, you see, aren't the ancestors of today's dog by any means.

夏天的帝王犬，你看，無論如何也不是今天狗的祖先。

Our Yorkies and corgis are more closely related to gray wolves than direwolves.

我們的約克犬和柯基犬與灰狼的關係比灰狼更密切。

And according to recent research, dogs first came about 20,000 to 40,000 years ago, somewhere in Asia and the Middle East.

而根據最新的研究，狗最早出現在大約2萬到4萬年前，亞洲和中東的某個地方。

So human wolf team ups happened on an entirely different continent than where dire wolves roamed.

所以，人狼聯手發生在一個完全不同的大陸上，與可怕的狼群遊蕩的地方。

Now direwolves air all well and good when it comes to fighting off knife wielding assassins, thought there less useful if your enemy decides to use poison.

現在direwolves空氣都很好，好的時候，它涉及到打掉持刀刺客，認為有不太有用，如果你的敵人決定使用毒藥。

Joffrey Olena all the phrase poison brought down a lot of characters, especially Joffrey, and the scariest poison is called The Long Farewell takes time to work.

喬佛里奧莉娜都是一句話毒藥帶倒了很多角色，尤其是喬佛裡，最可怕的毒藥叫《漫長的告別》需要時間來發揮作用。

If a single drop makes contact with the skin death, and it turns out there is a real life analog to the long farewell snake venom, the African and Asian carpet vipers.

如果一滴接觸皮膚死亡，原來現實生活中還有一種類似於久別重逢的蛇毒，非洲和亞洲的地毯毒蛇。

There venoms cause epic stacks is which is the nose bleeding because it weakens the capillaries and blood vessels.

有毒液引起史詩般的堆積是哪一個是鼻子出血，因為它削弱了毛細血管和血管。

And so your blood starts toe leak out.

所以你的血液開始滲出。

That's Steve Trip, Ah, molecular biologist who specializes in venoms.

那是史蒂夫-特里普，啊，專門研究毒液的分子生物學家。

Not only is he a big fan of game of Thrones, he also knows a thing or two about poison.

他不僅是《權力的遊戲》的忠實粉絲，對毒藥也是一知半解。

And he noticed something very interesting about the long farewell because another snake called a sand viper also produces the venom that would have the same effect.

而且他注意到了久別重逢的一些很有趣的事情，因為另一種叫沙蝰蛇的蛇也會產生同樣效果的毒液。

And who uses the long farewell?

又是誰用了長別？

That's right, a Loria sand, a k a.

沒錯，是洛里亞沙子，a k a。

Paramore to the red Viper and mother to some off the sand snakes.

帕拉莫爾是紅毒蛇的母親，也是一些離沙蛇的母親。

Coincidence?

巧合？

I think not.

我想不會

But even though viper venom can explain the long farewells effects, it can't explain the kill with a kiss tactic.

不過，雖然毒蛇毒液可以解釋久別重逢的效果，但卻無法解釋一吻戰術的殺傷力。

The interesting thing with the carpet viper venom is that it's not going to get into the body from a kiss.

地毯毒蛇毒液的有趣之處在於，它不會因為親吻而進入人體。

This venom count, as far as we know at the moment, doesn't pass through the skin and That's just one problem from a kiss.

這個毒液的數量，據我們目前所知，並不通過皮膚，這只是一個吻的問題。

You've got a very small contact area, a couple of square centimeters at most, so you need something that's potent enough to actually have an effect in that small area.

你的接觸面積非常小，最多隻有幾平方釐米，所以你需要一些足夠強大的東西，在這個小區域內真正產生效果。

So in order for this to work, you need a poison like Nova Chock, which is so potent just inhaling it could kill you.

所以要想讓這東西起作用，你需要一種毒藥，比如Nova Chock，這種毒藥的藥力很強，只要吸入就能殺死你。

But Novacek doesn't cause internal bleeding the way we see on the show.

但諾瓦塞克不會像我們在節目中看到的那樣造成內出血。

So it looks like the long farewell is another bit of fantasy.

如此看來，久別重逢又是一番幻想。

Regardless, that poison isn't a fun way to go, but it doesn't look quite as horrible as death by the mountain.

不管怎麼說，那毒藥也不是什麼好玩的東西，但看起來還不如靠山死來得可怕。

Any of Mark Town?

有馬克鎮的嗎？

Yeah, car killed her.

是啊，汽車殺了她。

After all, who wants to get their head crushed like a soda can?

畢竟，誰願意把自己的頭壓得像汽水罐一樣？

Thanks.

謝謝你

Luckily, this is one threat you don't have to worry about because it turns out it's impossible.

幸運的是，這是你不必擔心的一個威脅，因為事實證明這是不可能的。

You see, the adult human skull is really durable pound for pound.

你看，成年人類的頭骨真的是一斤一斤的耐用。

It's stronger than steel or concrete.

它比鋼筋水泥更堅固。

And if you squeeze an adult skull, you need about £1000 of force to break it.

而如果你擠壓一個成年人的頭骨，你需要大約1000英鎊的力氣才能將其打破。

That's about twice as much as even a man as strong as the mountain could deliver.

這比起山一樣強壯的人也能提供兩倍左右的力量。

Now, he could conceivably demolish his opponents eyeballs like he does here, since the soft, squishy tissue is even more vulnerable than the hard skull.

現在，他可以想象地像這裡一樣拆掉對手的眼球，因為軟綿綿的組織比堅硬的頭骨更加脆弱。

But that wouldn't cause overruns head to explode outward like that.

但那也不會導致超跑的頭部向外爆炸那樣。

Hi, overall, this entire situation makes no sense.

你好，總的來說，這整個情況是沒有意義的。

That's right.

是的

Direwolves and eternal winters are more realistic than this totally non magical fight scene.

比起這種完全不具魔力的打鬥場面，帝王狼和永恆的冬天更現實。

So in the end, game of Thrones does a pretty decent job when it comes to realism, at least where there's magic concern.

所以說到底，《權力的遊戲》在現實主義方面做得還算不錯，至少在有魔法關注的地方。

And while it's more mundane, spectacles can be far fetched.

雖然比較平凡，但眼鏡也可以很遠。

I'm still going to enjoy every minute.

我還是要享受每一分鐘。

After all, I might be a science writer, but I'm still a fan.

畢竟，我可能是個科普作家，但我還是個粉絲。