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  • This is a map of Chicago's train system.

    這是芝加哥火車系統的地圖。

  • If you look at its design,

    如果你看它的設計。

  • it's not hard to figure out what it was built to do.

    不難看出,它是為了什麼而生的。

  • All its different lines intersect here, in Chicago's downtown,

    所有不同的線路在這裡交匯,在芝加哥的市中心。

  • and then fan outward.

    然後向外扇動。

  • This is a system that's really good at moving people

    這是一個真正善於調動人的系統

  • between the suburbs, or the outer rings of the city,

    郊區之間,或城市外環之間。

  • and downtown.

    和市區。

  • But that's not really useful to my friend Nina.

    但這對我的朋友尼娜來說並沒有什麼用。

  • I'm a Chicago resident and I live in Avondale.

    我是芝加哥人,住在阿文代爾。

  • I drive to work every day.

    我每天開車去上班。

  • I drive 25 minutes to Elmwood Park,

    我開車25分鐘就能到榆林公園。

  • which is a suburb right on the border of the city.

    這是一個就在城市邊界的郊區。

  • Nina actually lives right by a bus stop and a train stop.

    尼娜其實就住在一個公車站和一個火車站旁邊。

  • But if she commuted that way...

    但如果她用這種方式通勤... ...

  • I could take the bus down Addison,

    我可以坐公車去艾迪生。

  • but the bus route stops at the border of the city.

    但公交線路在城市邊界停靠。

  • So it would be a pretty long walk. Like a 45-minute walk maybe.

    所以,這將是一個相當長的步行。也許要走45分鐘

  • Or maybe I could take the train down to the Loop,

    或者我可以坐火車去環城路。

  • and then I would have to get on the Metra,

    然後我就得去坐地鐵了。

  • which is the train that goes to the suburbs.

    這是去郊區的火車。

  • Nina said she would commute on public transit if it made sense.

    妮娜說,如果有意義的話,她會坐公車上下班。

  • But for her, it doesn't.

    但對她來說,並不是這樣。

  • Transit systems across the US

    美國的過境系統

  • were built to serve a very specific type of commute:

    是為了服務於一種非常特殊的通勤方式而建造的。

  • From outside the center of the city, to inside it.

    從城市中心外,到城市中心內。

  • But studies show that today,

    但研究表明,如今。

  • the most common American commute is actually from suburb to suburb;

    美國人最常見的通勤方式其實是從郊區到郊區。

  • routes that public transit in the US usually doesn't serve.

    美國公共交通通常不服務的路線。

  • It's one reason that the overwhelming majority of Americans

    這也是絕大多數美國人的原因之一

  • get to work by driving alone.

    獨自開車去上班。

  • And there are a few reasons that isn't ideal:

    而有幾個原因,並不理想。

  • First, it means the overwhelming majority of Americans

    首先,這意味著絕大多數的美國人。

  • are also required to own a car in order to work.

    還需要擁有一輛車才能工作。

  • And that's expensivethe second biggest household expense for Americans.

    而這是昂貴的--美國人的第二大家庭開支。

  • All that driving also means that transportation

    所有的駕駛也意味著交通

  • is the single biggest way Americans emit greenhouse gases.

    是美國人排放溫室氣體的最大途徑。

  • And because most Americans don't rely on public transit,

    而且因為大多數美國人不依賴公共交通。

  • making it better is rarely a top political priority,

    讓它變得更好很少是政治上的首要任務。

  • which makes things even harder

    雪上加霜

  • for the people who do rely on neglected transit systems.

    為那些確實依賴被忽視的交通系統的人。

  • So what would it take to shrink this part of the chart --

    那麼,要怎樣才能縮小這部分圖表--。

  • to get more Americans to use public transit?

    讓更多的美國人使用公共交通?

  • What would that look like?

    那會是什麼樣子?

  • And who has the power to make that happen?

    而誰有能力實現這一點呢?

  • This is Cincinnati in 1955.

    這是1955年的辛辛那提。

  • It's what a lot of American cities used to look like.

    這就是很多美國城市過去的樣子。

  • There were some highways, but most of the city was on a grid,

    雖然有一些高速公路,但大部分城市都是網狀的。

  • which made it easy to get around either on foot,

    這使得無論是步行還是步行都很方便。

  • or on public transit, like streetcars.

    或在公共交通工具上,如街車。

  • But around the same time,

    但大約在同一時間。

  • a huge government infrastructure project changed the US dramatically.

    一個巨大的政府基礎設施項目極大地改變了美國。

  • New interstate highways were built from coast to coast,

    新的州際公路從海岸到海岸都在修建。

  • many of them running right through the downtowns of many cities.

    其中很多都貫穿了許多城市的市中心。

  • Today, Cincinnati looks like this.

    今天,辛辛那提看起來是這樣的。

  • Instead of a grid, there's a tangle of highways.

    與其說是電網,不如說是高速公路的糾纏。

  • It makes some neighborhoods almost impossible to get to on foot.

    這使得一些街區幾乎無法步行到達。

  • And if you don't drive, it's hard to get around the city at all.

    而如果你不開車,在城市裡根本就很難走得動。

  • The same thing happened in countless other cities, too,

    同樣的事情也發生在其他無數城市。

  • like Detroit and Kansas City.

    比如底特律和堪薩斯城。

  • And, as cities expanded outward along those highways,

    而且,隨著城市沿著這些公路向外擴張。

  • one kind of American neighborhood flourished:

    有一種美國街區的繁榮。

  • Entirely residential, filled with single-family homes.

    完全是住宅區,到處都是單戶住宅。

  • And because they were spread out instead of dense,

    而且因為它們是分散的而不是密集的。

  • they also changed how Americans got around.

    他們還改變了美國人的出行方式。

  • Living there required you to travel a lot farther for just about anything.

    在那裡生活,你需要走得更遠,才能得到任何東西。

  • By 2020, a study found

    一項研究發現,到2020年

  • that the average workday distance traveled for Americans was 7 miles.

    美國人工作日的平均出行距離為7英里。

  • Now, if you're a driver, that doesn't sound long at all.

    如果你是個司機,這聽起來一點也不長。

  • In fact, in your head, you might be thinking, that only takes 10 minutes.

    其實,在你的腦海裡,你可能會想,這隻需要10分鐘。

  • Adie Tomer co-authored that study.

    Adie Tomer是該研究的共同作者。

  • It's a biking distance that is both strenuous and potentially unsafe,

    這段騎車的距離,既辛苦又有潛在的不安全。

  • and for pedestrians it's a nearly impossible distance to traverse

    而對於行人來說,這幾乎是一個不可能穿越的距離。

  • in any kind of reasonable time.

    在任何種類的合理時間內。

  • By seeing these kind of travel distances,

    通過看到這種旅行距離。

  • we understand the consequences of what we've built:

    我們明白我們所做的一切的後果。

  • Automobile-oriented neighborhoods.

    汽車為主的街區。

  • A later approach to neighborhood planning

    後來的街區規劃方法

  • has created places that look more like this:

    已經創造了更像這樣的地方。

  • Neighborhoods designed to put you closer to what you need,

    社區的設計讓您更接近您所需要的東西。

  • that center around a transit hub,

    以交通樞紐為中心。

  • with buildings that contain not just housing,

    與建築,不僅包含住房。

  • but office space and businesses too.

    但辦公場所和企業也。

  • This is called transit-oriented development.

    這就是所謂的交通導向發展。

  • And the people who live in these places

    而住在這些地方的人

  • are less likely than the national average to drive,

    比全國平均水平要低,開車的可能性。

  • and more likely to walk, bike, or take transit.

    並更有可能步行、騎自行車或乘坐公車。

  • But developing new neighborhoods like this is an extremely long-term project.

    但開發這樣的新小區是一項極其長期的工程。

  • If we're going to address these issues,

    如果我們要解決這些問題。

  • we have to accept the world that we live in now,

    我們必須接受我們現在生活的世界。

  • and make transit work in that world,

    並讓公車在那個世界裡發揮作用。

  • rather than dream of a new world.

    而不是夢想一個新的世界。

  • Jonathan English is an urban planner in Toronto.

    Jonathan English是多倫多的一名城市規劃師。

  • And he thinks getting more Americans to use public transit

    而他認為讓更多的美國人使用公車

  • doesn't have to be so hard.

    不一定要這麼難。

  • In a research project, Jonathan created these maps of American cities

    在一個研究項目中,喬納森繪製了這些美國城市地圖。

  • and drew lines on them wherever there was a reliable public transit route.

    並在有可靠公交線路的地方畫線。

  • Which he defined as this:

    他將其定義為:

  • A bus that comes every 30 minutes, 'till midnight, seven days a week.

    每隔30分鐘就會有一輛公車,一直到午夜,一週七天。

  • The absolute bare minimum of a transit route that you can count on.

    絕對是最起碼的可以依靠的轉運路線。

  • These were the results in Denver, Portland, Charlotte, and Washington, DC.

    這些是丹佛、波特蘭、夏洛特和華盛頓特區的結果。

  • You can see a familiar design in them: Service oriented around a downtown,

    從他們身上你可以看到熟悉的設計。以市中心為中心的服務。

  • but that doesn't really connect neighborhood to neighborhood.

    但這並不能真正將鄰里之間的關係聯繫起來。

  • And this was the result in Toronto.

    而這是多倫多的結果。

  • When you go to a Toronto suburb, it's not very unfamiliar to any American.

    到多倫多郊區,對於美國人來說,都不會很陌生。

  • You see houses with big driveways, two-car garages, winding suburban streets

    你會看到有大車道的房子,兩輛車的車庫,蜿蜒的郊區街道... ...

  • The difference is that the bus goes past those single-family homes every five minutes,

    不同的是,公車每隔5分鐘就會經過那些獨門獨戶的房子。

  • and it runs 24 hours a day.

    而且一天24小時都在運行。

  • And that difference changes everything.

    而這種差異改變了一切。

  • Even car owners in Toronto ride the bus.

    在多倫多,連車主都坐公車。

  • And Jonathan says the lesson for American cities is obvious.

    而喬納森說,美國城市的教訓很明顯。

  • That shows that it is possible, that if we invest in basic operations,

    這說明是可以的,如果我們在基礎業務上投入。

  • and improving basic local service, that the riders will come.

    並改善當地的基本服務,那騎手就會來。

  • Something that we can do in a matter of weeks.

    我們可以在幾周內完成的事情。

  • In other words, it's mostly a matter of whether we choose to fund that.

    換句話說,這主要是我們是否選擇資助的問題。

  • This chart shows how public transit gets funded in the US:

    這張圖顯示了美國公共交通的資金來源。

  • Mostly by local and state governments, and by the fares people pay to ride

    主要是由地方和州政府,以及人們支付的車費來乘車。

  • which makes state and local elections super important for public transit.

    這使得州和地方選舉對於公共交通來說超級重要。

  • Right now, the federal government contributes the smallest part.

    現在,聯邦政府的貢獻是最小的一部分。

  • And even that part is limited in what it can pay for.

    而即便是這部分,它能支付的費用也是有限的。

  • Very little federal transit funding helps pay for day-to-day operations,

    很少有聯邦運輸資金幫助支付日常營運。

  • even though that's often where transit systems need the most help.

    儘管這往往是交通系統最需要幫助的地方。

  • Instead, most federal money gets directed

    相反,大部分的聯邦資金都被用於

  • to what are called "capital investments":

    到所謂的 "資本投資"。

  • flashy new physical infrastructure projects

    華而不實的新物質基礎設施項目

  • that often get a lot of media attention.

    往往會得到很多媒體的關注。

  • So you end up with a billion-dollar rapid transit project, or light rail,

    所以你最終會有一個價值十億美元的快速交通項目,或者輕軌。

  • or bus rapid transit project, where the vehicles don't actually run all that frequently.

    或快速公交項目,其實車輛運行頻率並不高。

  • Joe Biden's campaign has a proposal to invest in public transportation,

    喬-拜登的競選活動有一個投資公共交通的建議。

  • and the Trump administration has shown interest in increasing infrastructure spending.

    而特朗普政府已經表現出對增加基礎設施支出的興趣。

  • But where all that money goes is really decided by Congress.

    但這些錢的去向其實是由國會決定的。

  • And debate over that often splits along partisan lines:

    而關於這一點的辯論,往往是按照黨派的路線分裂的。

  • with Democrats, who often represent more urban districts, in favor of more transit funding;

    與通常代表更多城市地區的民主黨人,支持更多的運輸資金。

  • and Republicans in favor of more funding for highways and roads.

    和共和黨人贊成為高速公路和公路提供更多資金。

  • My Democrat colleagues want to put big cities first,

    "我的民主黨員同事要把大城市放在第一位。

  • and ignore our rural communities.”

    而忽略了我們的農村社區。"

  • In July 2020, the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives

    2020年7月,民主黨控制的眾議院。

  • passed a 1.5 trillion-dollar infrastructure bill

    通過了一項1.5萬億美元的基礎設施法案。

  • that re-allocated funds from roads to trains and transit.

    該計劃將資金從公路重新分配給火車和公交。

  • The first 21st-century transportation bill.”

    "第一個21世紀的交通法案"。

  • But to take effect, it would also have to pass the Senate,

    但要生效,還得通過參議院。

  • which is currently controlled by Republicans, whose leader, Mitch McConnell,

    目前由共和黨人控制,其領導人米奇-麥康奈爾。

  • called the billnonsense,” “absurd,” andpure fantasy.”

    稱該法案為 "無稽之談"、"荒謬"、"純屬幻想"。

  • If the Democrats do in fact take back the Senate, and hold onto the House,

    如果民主黨真的奪回了參議院,並保住了眾議院。

  • irrespective of what happens with the presidency,

    無論總統職位如何。

  • we can actually expect to see significantly more interest

    事實上,我們可以期待看到更多的興趣

  • in investment in public transportation, and interestingly,

    在公共交通投資方面,有趣的是。

  • a different approach to that investment,

    對該投資採取不同的方法。

  • where it may not just be more capital projects,

    其中,可能不僅僅是更多的基本建設項目。

  • but different kinds of investment.

    但不同的投資種類。

  • I still really value being on a train line,

    我還真的很珍惜在一條火車線上。

  • and I would never live anywhere that wasn't, like, a 15-minute walk from the train,

    我永遠不會住在任何地方 這是不一樣,15分鐘的步行 從火車。

  • because I think that's so much a part of my experience as a Chicago resident,

    因為我認為這是我作為芝加哥居民的經驗的一部分。

  • being able to access it if I need it.

    在我需要的時候能夠訪問它。

  • But it's pretty poorly designed.

    但它的設計相當糟糕。

  • Most Americans live in places that were built for cars.

    大多數美國人生活的地方,都是為汽車而建的。

  • If we want to change that in the long term,

    如果我們想長期改變這種狀況。

  • we'll have to build communities that look differently.

    我們必須建立起與眾不同的社區。

  • Right now, Americans drive because it's the most convenient option.

    現在,美國人開車是因為這是最方便的選擇。

  • But that also means that you don't actually need to transform a whole country

    但這也意味著,你其實並不需要改造整個國家。

  • to get more people to ride public transit.

    讓更多的人乘坐公共交通。

  • You just need to make it convenient enough that they want to.

    你只需要讓他們足夠方便,讓他們願意。

This is a map of Chicago's train system.

這是芝加哥火車系統的地圖。

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