Oh, that kind of thing.

哦，那種事情。

OK... Shape-shifting lizards. Interesting.

好吧，變形蜥蜴。有趣的。

Conspiracy theories do require a wild imaginative leap.

陰謀論確實需要瘋狂的想象力跳躍。

I think we can explain it in scientific ways.

我想我們可以用科學的方法來解釋。

So why do we believe some more ridiculous way.

那我們為什麼還要相信一些更荒唐的方式。

Yes and of course they spread much more readily now

是的，當然現在他們更容易傳播了

with the advent of social media.

隨著社交媒體的出現。

Who can you trust?

你能相信誰？

The term conspiracy theory refers to explanations according to which

陰謀論一詞是指這樣的解釋，即：

events in the world are caused by an evil plan

天有不測風雲，人有旦夕禍福

plotted in secret by a small group of powerful individuals.

由一小撮有權勢的人暗中策劃。

Some decades ago there was this tendency

幾十年前，有這樣一種趨勢

to conceive conspiracy beliefs as pathological,

將陰謀信仰視為病態。

but psychologists have shifted this.

但心理學家已經將這一點轉移了。

They nowadays believe normal functions of our mind

他們現在認為我們的大腦的正常功能

explain why people believe in conspiracy theories.

解釋為什麼人們相信陰謀論。

The defining features of the conspiracy theory are:

陰謀論的定義特徵是：

the conspirator, the conspiratorial plan -

陰謀家，陰謀計劃--------。

the sinister plan that they're trying to bring about -

他們試圖帶來的邪惡計劃 -

and the means of mass manipulation

以及大規模操縱的手段

by which the conspirator is keeping the plan secret.

陰謀者通過這種方式對計劃進行保密。

Sometimes the conspirator will be defined in terms of a concrete body

有時，同謀者會被定義為一個具體的機構。

with an identifiable membership.

具有可識別的成員資格。

The Illuminati, or the Freemasons,

光明會，或共濟會。

Jews, more recently things like the Bilderberg Group,

猶太人，最近的事情，如比爾德伯格集團。

the Skull and Bones Society, and various other secret societies.

骷髏會，以及其他各種祕密社團。

However very often, the conspirator will be defined

然而，同謀者往往被定義為

in much vaguer terms -

用更模糊的話來說

the Big Pharma, the military-industrial complex,

大藥廠，軍工聯合體。

global elites and so on.

全球精英等。

So they're always balancing between the need to define the enemy

所以他們總是在定義敵人的必要性之間進行平衡。

and the need to accept that the enemy is always going to be shady,

以及需要接受敵人總是會有陰暗的一面。

secret and so on.

祕密等。

Conspiracy theorists will often argue

陰謀論者經常會說...

that if you destroy a group of powerful people in the world

滅掉一幫強人，就滅掉一幫強人。

you will not destroy the conspiracy

你不會破壞陰謀

because the plan is the key thing.

因為計劃是最關鍵的東西。

Very often, that plan is going to involve world domination,

很多時候，這個計劃會涉及到統治世界。

but if one looks at the level of cover up that would be required

但如果看一下需要掩飾的程度，就會發現

in order to keep all these things secret

為了保守這些祕密

it necessitates having somebody who is actually in control of everything.

這就需要有人能真正掌控一切。

Much of the conspiracist's writing will involve trying to analyse

陰謀論者的很多文章都會涉及到試圖分析

what strategies and what power the conspirators have

陰謀家有什麼策略，有什麼力量？

to keep their sinister plan or their identity hidden.

以此來掩蓋他們的陰險計劃或身份。

Very often the manipulation comes from the plausible -

很多時候，操縱來自於似是而非的--。

things like science, government, media ownership -

像科學，政府，媒體所有權 -

to the ludicrous -

荒謬的

paranormal manipulation, use of occult powers,

超自然操縱，使用神祕力量。

manipulation of brainwaves.

腦電波的操縱。

Conspiracy believers, I think they genuinely believe in the theories

陰謀論者，我想他們是真的相信這些理論的。

and they really strive for the truth.

而他們真正追求的是真理。

It may seem naive, but there is this human tendency

看似天真，但人類有這樣的傾向。

to underestimate the role that chance alone can play in events that occur.

以致於低估了偶然性本身在事件發生中的作用。

This belief that the world is ultimately controllable

這種認為世界最終是可以控制的信念

and that is a very powerful driver

而這是一個非常強大的驅動力

of conspiracy beliefs in moments of crisis

陰謀論在危機時刻的作用

where there is almost like a vacuum in explanation.

在那裡，幾乎就像一個真空的解釋。

We see this more social function of conspiracy beliefs

我們看到陰謀信仰的這種更多的社會功能。

in the fact that people believe in them or not

在於人們是否相信它們。

as being part of their social identity.

作為其社會身份的一部分，

The stereotype is that they're in their cellar

人們對他們的刻板印象是在他們的地窖裡。

on the internet, looking for the most recent conspiracy theory.

在互聯網上，尋找最新的陰謀論。

But most people are neither believers nor sceptics

但大多數人既不相信，也不懷疑的人

but fall somewhere in the middle?

但屬於中間的某一個環節？

And for me the key question is not

對我來說，關鍵問題不是

what differentiates the hard believers from the hard sceptics,

艱難的信徒和艱難的懷疑論者的區別是什麼。

but how do we interpret that section of the population in the middle.

但我們如何解釋中間的那部分人。

Conspiracy theories can be dangerous for society -

陰謀論對社會是危險的--------。

people who believe that vaccines cause autism

相信疫苗會導致自閉症的人

and avoid vaccinating their children, put them in danger.

並避免給孩子接種疫苗，使他們處於危險之中。

A thorough thinking person could debunk one argument at a time

徹底思考的人可以一次駁倒一個論點。

but could not debunk all their arguments.

但無法推翻他們的所有論點。

The most sinister conspiracy theories,

最陰險的陰謀論。

like the anti-Semitic conspiracy theories of the early 20th Century,

像20世紀初的反猶陰謀論一樣。

or if you talk outlandish in terms of David Icke's alien lizards,

或者如果你用大衛-艾克的外星蜥蜴來說話，那就太離譜了。

the fundamental error is always the same,

基本的錯誤總是一樣的。

they're all based on the fundamentally flawed assumption about how the world works.

他們都是基於根本上有缺陷的假設 關於世界如何運作。

And I think that if one makes people more aware of what conspiracy theories are

而我認為，如果能讓人們更加了解什麼是陰謀論

it enables them, when they see a conspiracy theory,

它使他們，當他們看到一個陰謀論。

to see it for what it is.

來看清它的本質。

Thanks for watching! :)

謝謝你的觀看!:)

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