It was a paper flyer that said “due to larger than expected voter turnout,” Republicans

那是一張紙質傳單，上面寫著 "由於投票率高於預期，共和黨人

should vote on election day and Democratic party supporters should vote the day after.

應在選舉日投票，民主黨支持者應在選舉後一天投票。

Fast forward eight years later, and images show up on Twitter claiming to be Hillary

快進8年後，推特上出現了自稱是希拉里的圖片。

Clinton ads. They told people they could vote by texting.

克林頓的廣告。他們告訴人們，他們可以通過簡訊投票。

It's not a coincidence that this image features a Black woman,

這張圖的主角是一位黑人女性，這不是巧合。

just like it wasn't a coincidence that the hoax flyers in 2008 were “distributed in

就像2008年的騙局傳單 "派發 "不是巧合一樣。

predominantly African American areas.” Fifty-five years after the Voting Rights Act

主要是非洲裔美國人的地區"。在《投票權法》頒佈55年後的今天

banned racial discrimination in elections, the Black vote is still being targeted.

禁止選舉中的種族歧視，但黑人選票仍然是目標。

And now, voter suppression has gone digital.

現在，壓制選民的行為已經數字化了。

Twitter now has a policy explicitly banning misleading information about voting procedures.

推特現在有一項政策，明確禁止關於投票程序的誤導性資訊。

Facebook and YouTube do too. But there are other types of digital voter

Facebook和YouTube也是如此。但還有其他類型的數字選民

suppression that may be harder to tackle. MItchell: people were sharing images that

壓制，可能更難解決。MItchell：人們在分享圖片，

were telling people not to vote. Shireen Mitchell is tracking digital voter

是告訴人們不要投票。希琳-米切爾正在追蹤數字選民

suppression ahead of the 2020 election after seeing the tactics deployed four years ago.

在看到四年前部署的戰術後，在2020年大選前打壓。

This Instagram post from October 2016 encouraged people to “boycott” the election. It came

這篇2016年10月的Instagram帖子鼓勵人們 "抵制 "選舉。它是在

from an account called woke_blacks, and was posted with a caption that said regardless

來自一個叫woke_blacks的賬號，並被貼上了一個標題，說無論

of who wins, “we are on our own.” Mitchell: So you basically are saying, you

of who wins, "we are on our own." "我們要靠自己"米切爾 Mitchell:So you basically are saying, you

know, why should we bother if there's no campaign that's going to focus on our issues? And so

如果沒有一個活動會關注我們的問題，我們為什麼要費心呢？所以...

that's one of the ways in which this works. And this ad on Facebook from a page called

這就是其中的一個方法，這工作。而這個廣告在Facebook上 從一個頁面稱為

Blacktivist simply encouraged people to vote for the third-party candidate.

Blacktivist只是鼓勵人們為第三方候選人投票。

These posts, and many others like them, were uploaded by Russian operatives as part of

這些帖子和許多其他類似的帖子是由俄羅斯特工上傳的，作為以下活動的一部分。

a multi-year strategy to promote discord in the US and help elect Donald Trump.

一個多年的戰略，以促進美國的不和，幫助唐納德-特朗普當選。

That effort involved more than 60,000 Facebook posts, 116,000 Instagram posts and 10 million

這項工作涉及到6萬多條Facebook帖子、11.6萬條Instagram帖子和1千萬條Facebook帖子。

tweets from Russian accounts impersonating Americans.

從俄羅斯賬戶冒充美國人的推特。

Deen Freelon: There were those who posed as sort of white conservatives. And these were

Deen Freelon:有那些誰冒充為白人保守派的人而這些人

kind of Trump-supporting individuals. Then you had what I call a nonblack leftists. And

那種支持特朗普的人。然後，你有我所謂的非黑人左派。然後

the third category was sort of Black protesters, Black left wing protesters.

第三類算是黑人抗議者，黑人左翼抗議者。

In a study of the Russian Twitter activity, Freelon found that there were fewer Black-presenting

在對俄羅斯推特活動的研究中，Freelon發現，在俄羅斯的推特上，出現了較少的黑人。

accounts than right-wing accounts, but on a per-tweet basis, they received higher

賬戶比右翼賬戶，但在每條推特上，他們收到了更高的。

engagement in the form of likes, retweets, and replies.

以點贊、轉發和回覆的形式參與。

Those tweets coincided with the rise of the Black Lives Matter protests following the

這些推文恰逢黑人生命至上的抗議活動興起後。

killings of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. Freelon: And so you have this convergence

殺死邁克爾-布朗和埃裡克-加納。Freelon所以你有這種融合

of the Black Lives Matter and pro-black politics with Russian attempts to interfere in American

黑人生命運動和親黑人政治與俄羅斯干涉美國的企圖的關係

politics and specifically in American elections. According to the Senate Intelligence Committee,

政治，特別是在美國選舉中。據參議院情報委員會。

no single group was targeted by the Russian operatives more than African-Americans.

沒有任何一個群體比非裔美國人更容易成為俄羅斯特工的目標。

The accounts built an audience by publishing content celebrating Black excellence and by

這些賬戶通過發佈頌揚黑人優秀的內容，並通過以下方式建立閱聽人。

decrying police brutality. And then around the election, they told their

譴責警察的暴行。然後在選舉前後， 他們告訴他們

followers not to vote and celebrated non-participation. We don't know the ultimate effects of those

的追隨者不投票，並慶祝不參與。我們不知道這些行為的最終效果。

posts, but they give us a sense of the tactics we might see again from both Russia and from

的帖子，但他們給我們一個感覺，我們可能會看到的策略，從俄羅斯和來自

domestic actors in 2020. Mitchell: I've seen campaigns pick up the

在2020年，國內演員。米切爾我已經看到競選活動開始了

same tactics for 2016 that Russia was using for themselves in their own campaigns. We're

2016年的相同策略，俄羅斯在自己的競選活動中也在為自己使用。我們是

seeing domestic actors pick up the same exact tactics.

看到國內的演員也採取了同樣的手段。

Black voters participate in elections at higher rates than Asian and Hispanic Americans.

黑人選民參與選舉的比例高於亞裔和西班牙裔美國人。

And for the past 16 years, the Republican party has only been able to attract single

而在過去的16年裡，共和黨只能吸引單

digit support from Black voters in presidential elections.

在總統選舉中，黑人選民的支持率達到了個位數。

That's less than any other racial, gender, age, or income demographic. And it puts them

這比任何其他種族、性別、年齡或收入的人口都要少。而且它把他們

at high risk for voter suppression by those who may conclude they have little

處於被那些可能認為他們幾乎沒有選票的人壓制選民的高風險中。

to lose by reducing the Black vote. Residential and economic segregation have

減少黑人的選票而失去。住宅和經濟隔離

provided ways to target vote suppression. “A federal appeals court struck down a North

提供了針對壓制投票的方法。"聯邦上訴法院駁回了北區的一項

Carolina voter ID law, saying its provisions deliberately target African-Americans with

卡羅來納州的選民身份證法，稱其條款故意針對非裔美國人，與

almost surgical precision.”

幾乎是外科手術般的精準。"

“A racially-charged robocall is making its way through Detroit tonight.” “The call

"一個充滿種族歧視的搶劫電話今晚在底特律出現""這個電話

falsely claiming that mail-in voters will have their personal information shared with

訛稱郵寄選民的個人資料會被分享給政府部門。

law enforcement.” And social media platforms enable targeted

執法"。而社交媒體平臺能夠有針對性地

messages too. When this Russian account bought a Facebook

消息了。當這個俄羅斯賬號購買了Facebook

ad promoting Jill Stein, they used targeting categories that Facebook offered, including

廣告推廣吉爾-斯坦，他們使用了Facebook提供的目標類別，包括

people with an interest in “pan-Africanism, African-American civil rights, and African-American

對 "泛非主義、非裔美國人的民權和非裔美國人 "有興趣的人。

history.” And even in non-paid posts, replies and mentions

的歷史。"而即使是在非付費帖子中，回覆和提

allow anyone to try to insert themselves into the in-group discussions of specific communities

允許任何人嘗試插入到特定社區的群內討論中去

online. This year Facebook prohibited paid ads that

在線。今年，Facebook禁止付費廣告

tell people not to vote. Twitter has banned political ads altogether. And since 2016,

告訴人們不要投票。推特已經完全禁止了政治廣告。而自2016年以來。

they've both caught and removed several networks of inauthentic accounts.

他們既抓到並刪除了幾個網絡的不真實賬戶。

Mitchell: You've seen Facebook and Twitter say they've removed x y z accounts. And I'm

米切爾。你已經看到Facebook和Twitter說他們已經刪除了x y z賬戶。而我

guessing this is daunting for them. But the problem is that it's not going to stop.

估計這讓他們望而生畏。但問題是，它不會停止。

2020 is already bringing an environment ripe for misinformation and confusion. States are

2020年已經為錯誤信息和混亂帶來了一個成熟的環境。各國正在

changing their procedures due to the coronavirus pandemic, and voters may feel less safe gathering

由於冠狀病毒大流行，他們改變了程序，選民們可能會感到不那麼安全的集會。

at polling places. Meanwhile, President Trump has baselessly

在投票站。與此同時，特朗普總統毫無根據地

claimed that voting by mail leads to massive fraud, a form of indirect vote suppression

聲稱郵寄投票會導致大規模的舞弊，這是一種間接壓制選票的形式。

that Facebook and Twitter have handled inconsistently. It's more important than ever for voters

臉書和推特的處理方式不一致。對選民來說，這比以往任何時候都重要。

to distinguish good information about voting from suppressive and unreliable sources, which

區分關於投票的良好資訊與壓制性和不可靠的資訊來源，這些資訊；

unfortunately, this year includes the President of the United States.

不幸的是，今年包括美國總統。