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In the days before the 2008 presidential election, a hoax started circulating in parts of Virginia.
在2008年總統大選前幾天,弗吉尼亞州部分地區開始流傳一個騙局。
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It was a paper flyer that said “due to larger than expected voter turnout,” Republicans
那是一張紙質傳單,上面寫著 "由於投票率高於預期,共和黨人
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should vote on election day and Democratic party supporters should vote the day after.
應在選舉日投票,民主黨支持者應在選舉後一天投票。
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Fast forward eight years later, and images show up on Twitter claiming to be Hillary
快進8年後,推特上出現了自稱是希拉里的圖片。
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Clinton ads. They told people they could vote by texting.
克林頓的廣告。他們告訴人們,他們可以通過簡訊投票。
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It's not a coincidence that this image features a Black woman,
這張圖的主角是一位黑人女性,這不是巧合。
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just like it wasn't a coincidence that the hoax flyers in 2008 were “distributed in
就像2008年的騙局傳單 "派發 "不是巧合一樣。
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predominantly African American areas.” Fifty-five years after the Voting Rights Act
主要是非洲裔美國人的地區"。在《投票權法》頒佈55年後的今天
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banned racial discrimination in elections, the Black vote is still being targeted.
禁止選舉中的種族歧視,但黑人選票仍然是目標。
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And now, voter suppression has gone digital.
現在,壓制選民的行為已經數字化了。
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Twitter now has a policy explicitly banning misleading information about voting procedures.
推特現在有一項政策,明確禁止關於投票程序的誤導性資訊。
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Facebook and YouTube do too. But there are other types of digital voter
Facebook和YouTube也是如此。但還有其他類型的數字選民
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suppression that may be harder to tackle. MItchell: people were sharing images that
壓制,可能更難解決。MItchell:人們在分享圖片,
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were telling people not to vote. Shireen Mitchell is tracking digital voter
是告訴人們不要投票。希琳-米切爾正在追蹤數字選民
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suppression ahead of the 2020 election after seeing the tactics deployed four years ago.
在看到四年前部署的戰術後,在2020年大選前打壓。
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This Instagram post from October 2016 encouraged people to “boycott” the election. It came
這篇2016年10月的Instagram帖子鼓勵人們 "抵制 "選舉。它是在
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from an account called woke_blacks, and was posted with a caption that said regardless
來自一個叫woke_blacks的賬號,並被貼上了一個標題,說無論
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of who wins, “we are on our own.” Mitchell: So you basically are saying, you
of who wins, "we are on our own." "我們要靠自己"米切爾 Mitchell:So you basically are saying, you
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know, why should we bother if there's no campaign that's going to focus on our issues? And so
如果沒有一個活動會關注我們的問題,我們為什麼要費心呢?所以...
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that's one of the ways in which this works. And this ad on Facebook from a page called
這就是其中的一個方法,這工作。而這個廣告在Facebook上 從一個頁面稱為
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Blacktivist simply encouraged people to vote for the third-party candidate.
Blacktivist只是鼓勵人們為第三方候選人投票。
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These posts, and many others like them, were uploaded by Russian operatives as part of
這些帖子和許多其他類似的帖子是由俄羅斯特工上傳的,作為以下活動的一部分。
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a multi-year strategy to promote discord in the US and help elect Donald Trump.
一個多年的戰略,以促進美國的不和,幫助唐納德-特朗普當選。
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That effort involved more than 60,000 Facebook posts, 116,000 Instagram posts and 10 million
這項工作涉及到6萬多條Facebook帖子、11.6萬條Instagram帖子和1千萬條Facebook帖子。
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tweets from Russian accounts impersonating Americans.
從俄羅斯賬戶冒充美國人的推特。
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Deen Freelon: There were those who posed as sort of white conservatives. And these were
Deen Freelon:有那些誰冒充為白人保守派的人而這些人
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kind of Trump-supporting individuals. Then you had what I call a nonblack leftists. And
那種支持特朗普的人。然後,你有我所謂的非黑人左派。然後
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the third category was sort of Black protesters, Black left wing protesters.
第三類算是黑人抗議者,黑人左翼抗議者。
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In a study of the Russian Twitter activity, Freelon found that there were fewer Black-presenting
在對俄羅斯推特活動的研究中,Freelon發現,在俄羅斯的推特上,出現了較少的黑人。
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accounts than right-wing accounts, but on a per-tweet basis, they received higher
賬戶比右翼賬戶,但在每條推特上,他們收到了更高的。
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engagement in the form of likes, retweets, and replies.
以點贊、轉發和回覆的形式參與。
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Those tweets coincided with the rise of the Black Lives Matter protests following the
這些推文恰逢黑人生命至上的抗議活動興起後。
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killings of Michael Brown and Eric Garner. Freelon: And so you have this convergence
殺死邁克爾-布朗和埃裡克-加納。Freelon所以你有這種融合
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of the Black Lives Matter and pro-black politics with Russian attempts to interfere in American
黑人生命運動和親黑人政治與俄羅斯干涉美國的企圖的關係
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politics and specifically in American elections. According to the Senate Intelligence Committee,
政治,特別是在美國選舉中。據參議院情報委員會。
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no single group was targeted by the Russian operatives more than African-Americans.
沒有任何一個群體比非裔美國人更容易成為俄羅斯特工的目標。
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The accounts built an audience by publishing content celebrating Black excellence and by
這些賬戶通過發佈頌揚黑人優秀的內容,並通過以下方式建立閱聽人。
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decrying police brutality. And then around the election, they told their
譴責警察的暴行。然後在選舉前後, 他們告訴他們
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followers not to vote and celebrated non-participation. We don't know the ultimate effects of those
的追隨者不投票,並慶祝不參與。我們不知道這些行為的最終效果。
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posts, but they give us a sense of the tactics we might see again from both Russia and from
的帖子,但他們給我們一個感覺,我們可能會看到的策略,從俄羅斯和來自
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domestic actors in 2020. Mitchell: I've seen campaigns pick up the
在2020年,國內演員。米切爾我已經看到競選活動開始了
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same tactics for 2016 that Russia was using for themselves in their own campaigns. We're
2016年的相同策略,俄羅斯在自己的競選活動中也在為自己使用。我們是
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seeing domestic actors pick up the same exact tactics.
看到國內的演員也採取了同樣的手段。
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Black voters participate in elections at higher rates than Asian and Hispanic Americans.
黑人選民參與選舉的比例高於亞裔和西班牙裔美國人。
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And for the past 16 years, the Republican party has only been able to attract single
而在過去的16年裡,共和黨只能吸引單
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digit support from Black voters in presidential elections.
在總統選舉中,黑人選民的支持率達到了個位數。
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That's less than any other racial, gender, age, or income demographic. And it puts them
這比任何其他種族、性別、年齡或收入的人口都要少。而且它把他們
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at high risk for voter suppression by those who may conclude they have little
處於被那些可能認為他們幾乎沒有選票的人壓制選民的高風險中。
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to lose by reducing the Black vote. Residential and economic segregation have
減少黑人的選票而失去。住宅和經濟隔離
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provided ways to target vote suppression. “A federal appeals court struck down a North
提供了針對壓制投票的方法。"聯邦上訴法院駁回了北區的一項
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Carolina voter ID law, saying its provisions deliberately target African-Americans with
卡羅來納州的選民身份證法,稱其條款故意針對非裔美國人,與
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almost surgical precision.”
幾乎是外科手術般的精準。"
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“A racially-charged robocall is making its way through Detroit tonight.” “The call
"一個充滿種族歧視的搶劫電話今晚在底特律出現""這個電話
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falsely claiming that mail-in voters will have their personal information shared with
訛稱郵寄選民的個人資料會被分享給政府部門。
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law enforcement.” And social media platforms enable targeted
執法"。而社交媒體平臺能夠有針對性地
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messages too. When this Russian account bought a Facebook
消息了。當這個俄羅斯賬號購買了Facebook
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ad promoting Jill Stein, they used targeting categories that Facebook offered, including
廣告推廣吉爾-斯坦,他們使用了Facebook提供的目標類別,包括
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people with an interest in “pan-Africanism, African-American civil rights, and African-American
對 "泛非主義、非裔美國人的民權和非裔美國人 "有興趣的人。
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history.” And even in non-paid posts, replies and mentions
的歷史。"而即使是在非付費帖子中,回覆和提
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allow anyone to try to insert themselves into the in-group discussions of specific communities
允許任何人嘗試插入到特定社區的群內討論中去
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online. This year Facebook prohibited paid ads that
在線。今年,Facebook禁止付費廣告
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tell people not to vote. Twitter has banned political ads altogether. And since 2016,
告訴人們不要投票。推特已經完全禁止了政治廣告。而自2016年以來。
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they've both caught and removed several networks of inauthentic accounts.
他們既抓到並刪除了幾個網絡的不真實賬戶。
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Mitchell: You've seen Facebook and Twitter say they've removed x y z accounts. And I'm
米切爾。你已經看到Facebook和Twitter說他們已經刪除了x y z賬戶。而我
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guessing this is daunting for them. But the problem is that it's not going to stop.
估計這讓他們望而生畏。但問題是,它不會停止。
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2020 is already bringing an environment ripe for misinformation and confusion. States are
2020年已經為錯誤信息和混亂帶來了一個成熟的環境。各國正在
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changing their procedures due to the coronavirus pandemic, and voters may feel less safe gathering
由於冠狀病毒大流行,他們改變了程序,選民們可能會感到不那麼安全的集會。
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at polling places. Meanwhile, President Trump has baselessly
在投票站。與此同時,特朗普總統毫無根據地
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claimed that voting by mail leads to massive fraud, a form of indirect vote suppression
聲稱郵寄投票會導致大規模的舞弊,這是一種間接壓制選票的形式。
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that Facebook and Twitter have handled inconsistently. It's more important than ever for voters
臉書和推特的處理方式不一致。對選民來說,這比以往任何時候都重要。
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to distinguish good information about voting from suppressive and unreliable sources, which
區分關於投票的良好資訊與壓制性和不可靠的資訊來源,這些資訊;
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unfortunately, this year includes the President of the United States.
不幸的是,今年包括美國總統。