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  • As doctors, we treat patients with evidence-based medicine, meaning treatment modalities that

    作為醫生,我們以循證醫學的方式來治療病人,也就是說,治療方式要能

  • are backed with sound scientific research. We can do the same when it comes to study

    是有可靠的科學研究支持的。我們在研究的時候也可以這樣做

  • strategies. These are the 7 evidence-based study techniques with supporting scientific

    策略。這7種循證學習技術,有科學的支持。

  • evidence.

    證據。

  • Dr. Jubbal, MedSchoolInsiders.com.

    朱波醫生,醫派內參網。

  • We can thank the psychologist Herman Ebbinghaus for studying his own memory and generating

    我們可以感謝心理學家赫爾曼-艾賓浩斯,他研究了自己的記憶,產生了

  • what is known as the Forgetting Curve. In its simplest terms, the Forgetting Curve demonstrates

    即所謂的遺忘曲線。最簡單的說,遺忘曲線表明了

  • that after forming a memory, we gradually forget more and more of it as time elapses.

    形成記憶後,隨著時間的推移,我們會逐漸忘記更多的記憶。

  • With attempts to retain the information at increasing intervals, just before we forget

    隨著試圖保留資訊的時間間隔越來越長,就在我們忘記之前。

  • it, the memory becomes more durable.

    它,內存變得更加耐用。

  • We know from neuroscience fundamentals that repetition potentiates neural connections

    我們從神經科學的基礎知識中知道,重複能增強神經連接的能力。

  • and allows us to remember information more effectively. The problem is that we have far

    並讓我們更有效地記憶資訊。問題是,我們有遠

  • too much information to learn - we can't repeat every fact we need to know on a daily

    太多的資訊需要學習--我們不可能每天重複我們需要知道的每一個事實。

  • basis. Enter the Spacing Effect. By repeated exposures to a piece of information at increasing

    基礎。進入間隔效應。通過對某一資訊的反覆曝光,以越來越大的

  • intervals between each repetition, we can optimize memorization and retain the most

    每次重複之間的時間間隔,我們可以優化記憶,並保留最多的

  • information in the least amount of time.

    在最短的時間內獲得資訊。

  • Spaced repetition is most powerful when the timing is just right. If too little time elapses

    當時間剛剛好的時候,隔空重複是最有力的。如果時間太短

  • between repetitions, the information is not reinforced as strongly. If too much time passes,

    在重複之間,資訊的強化力度不大。如果時間過長。

  • you forget and are unable to recall the desired information.

    你忘記了,無法回憶起想要的資訊。

  • If we see the same information multiple times over increasing intervals, we'll be far

    如果我們在越來越長的時間間隔內多次看到相同的資訊,我們就會遠遠。

  • more effective at encoding those facts into long term memory. This is why cramming is

    更有效地將這些事實編碼成長期記憶。這就是為什麼補習是

  • so ineffective. Studying for 8 hours over 2 weeks will generally result in superior

    所以效果不佳。在2周內學習8小時,一般會取得優

  • performance compared to studying for 8 hours in one sitting.

    與一次學習8小時相比,表現。

  • I'm a big proponent of using tools and systems to streamline and automate processes. I recommend

    我非常支持使用工具和系統來簡化和自動化流程。我推薦

  • you take this same approach with spaced repetition. You could create a study schedule for yourself

    你採取這種同樣的方法,有間隔的重複。你可以為自己制定一個學習計劃表

  • where you plan out when to review older lectures in addition to recent lectures. Alternatively,

    在這裡,你可以計劃出除了最近的課程外,何時複習舊的課程。或者:

  • you can offload the process to other apps, like Anki, which will test you on bite-sized

    你可以將這一過程卸載到其他應用程序中,比如Anki,它將對你進行比特大小的測試。

  • pieces of information through flashcards and automatically schedule the cards based on

    通過閃卡來獲取信息,並根據這些資訊自動安排卡片的時間。

  • the difficulty of recall for each.

    每個人的回憶難度。

  • The most common mistake is procrastinating and cramming just days before the exam. This

    最常見的錯誤是在考試前幾天就拖延時間和補習。這

  • undermines any of the potential advantages of spaced repetition.

    破壞了間隔重複的任何潛在優勢。

  • When practicing spaced repetition, make sure you're using effective study strategies

    練習間隔複習時,一定要採用有效的學習策略。

  • and not simply re-reading your notes. Re-reading your notes is a form of recognition, whereby

    而不是簡單的重讀筆記。重讀你的筆記是一種認識形式,據此

  • you look at some facts and tell yourself, “oh yeah, I know that.” This is unreliable.

    你看一些事實,並告訴自己, "哦,是的,我知道。"這是不可靠的。

  • Instead, spaced repetition is most effective when combined with active recall, whereby

    相反,當與主動回憶相結合時,間隔重複是最有效的,即

  • you test yourself for the answer. Which brings us to the second evidence-based study strategy.

    你自己測試自己的答案。這就有了第二個循證學習策略。

  • Active recall is the practice of using the Testing Effect to your advantage. If you're

    主動召回是利用測試效果為你帶來優勢的做法。如果你是

  • already using active recall, chances are you love it because of the resulting drastic improvement

    已經在使用主動召回,你很可能會喜歡上它,因為它帶來了巨大的改善。

  • in performance. If you aren't using it yet, there's a bit of a learning curve which

    在性能上。如果你還沒有使用它,有一點學習曲線,這

  • may be discouraging. You should expect active recall to be a difficult process, as active

    可能會令人氣餒。你應該預料到主動召回是一個困難的過程,因為主動召回是一個困難的過程。

  • learning methods are, by definition, far more challenging than passive forms.

    從定義上講,學習方法遠比被動形式更具挑戰性。

  • When it comes to active recall, I normally advise students to create flashcards through

    說到主動回憶,我一般會建議學生通過製作閃卡來進行

  • Anki, or to use practice problems, which also has the added benefit of practicing higher

    安基,或者用練習題,這樣做還有一個好處,就是可以練出更高的

  • order level thinking.

    秩序層面的思考。

  • There are other ways to incorporate active recall, though. For example, you could write

    不過,還有其他的方法可以融入主動回憶。例如,你可以寫

  • or sketch out everything you know about a certain topic without looking at your notes.

    或在不看筆記的情況下,勾畫出你對某一主題的所有了解。

  • Be as thorough as you can be, and afterward check what you've written compared to your

    要儘可能的全面,之後檢查你所寫的內容與你的

  • class notes for accuracy and to fill in points you may have missed.

    課堂筆記的準確性,並補上你可能遺漏的知識點。

  • Many students try active recall for a short period of time, only to give up soon after

    很多學生在短時間內嘗試主動回憶,但很快就放棄了。

  • because they find it difficult. The key is to understand that if it feels difficult,

    因為他們覺得困難。關鍵是要明白,如果覺得困難。

  • that means it's working. And with anything in life, with practice you'll get better

    這意味著它的工作。而對於生活中的任何事情, 隨著實踐,你會得到更好的。

  • at it. It becomes easier with time.

    在它。隨著時間的推移,它變得容易。

  • Another common mistake is studying facts in isolation. Particularly with flashcards, students

    另一個常見的錯誤是孤立地學習事實。特別是使用閃卡,學生

  • may focus too much on individual facts without adequate comprehension. Do not neglect comprehension,

    可能過於關注個別事實,而沒有充分的理解力。不要忽視理解。

  • which means truly understanding the relation between ideas and how certain concepts are

    這意味著真正理解思想之間的關係,以及某些概念是如何被

  • similar or different.

    相似或不同;

  • Lastly, remember to not only practice the recall part, but also check your answers.

    最後,記得不僅要練習回憶部分,還要檢查自己的答案。

  • If you are practicing recall without verifying accuracy, you may be reinforcing incorrect

    如果你在不驗證準確性的情況下進行回憶練習,你可能會強化不正確的。

  • information.

    資料:

  • Closely intertwined with active recall is the concept of desirable difficulties. This

    與主動回憶緊密相連的是理想困難的概念。這

  • states that a learning task that requires a considerable amount of effort will improve

    指出,一個需要付出相當大的努力的學習任務會提高

  • long-term performance, even though it may slow down learning initially. Research demonstrates

    長期性能,儘管它可能會減慢最初的學習速度。研究表明

  • that the traditional easy forms of passive learning show better temporary performance

    傳統的簡單的被動學習形式表現出更好的暫時性績效。

  • effects, but more difficult tasks, such as learning with active recall, result in improved

    的效果,但更難的任務,如主動回憶的學習,則會導致改進的

  • performance in the long term.

    長期來看,業績。

  • Think of it like going to the gym. If you bench press 10 pound dumbbells, you're technically

    想想看,就像去健身房一樣。如果你臥推10磅重的啞鈴,你在技術上是...

  • doing chest exercises, but you're not challenging yourself enough to improve. This is like passive

    做胸部運動,但你對自己的挑戰不夠,無法提高。這就像被動

  • learning. On the other hand, if you bench press 100 pound dumbbells in each hand, you'd

    的學習。另一方面,如果你雙手各持100磅的啞鈴進行臥推,你就會

  • be exerting yourself to a far greater capacity, resulting in muscle breakdown and ultimately

    用力大得多,導致肌肉萎縮,最終導致

  • hypertrophy. This is a desirable difficulty, which you are more readily able to achieve

    肥大。這是一個理想的難度,你更容易達到的是

  • with tools such as active recall.

    與主動召回等工具。

  • Desirable difficulties is an overarching principle that serves as a common thread throughout

    理想的困難是一個總的原則,是貫穿整個過程的共同點。

  • the 6 other evidence based learning techniques.

    其他6種循證學習技術。

  • Elaboration refers to further describing and explaining various ideas or concepts that

    闡述是指進一步描述和解釋各種思想或概念,這

  • you're studying to solidify your understanding of the material.

    你正在學習,以鞏固你對材料的理解。

  • The concept of elaboration sounds great, but the tricky part is how to effectively implement

    闡述的概念聽起來很好,但棘手的是如何有效地實施。

  • the technique. Here are a few suggestions:

    的技術。以下是一些建議。

  • 1. Generate questions for yourself about how various concepts or principles work and the

    1.為自己生成問題,瞭解各種概念或原理的工作原理和。

  • underlying reasons as to why. Try answering on your own first, and then turn to your class

    的根本原因。先試著自己回答,然後再轉到班上

  • materials or study buddies for verification and further explanation.

    材料或學習夥伴進行核實和進一步解釋。

  • 2. Cross reference different ideas, even if your professor or class materials didn't

    2.交叉參考不同的想法,即使你的教授或課堂材料沒有。

  • explicitly do so. By comparing and contrasting relatable components, you'll better understand

    明確地這樣做。通過比較和對比可親的成分,你會更好地理解了

  • the nuances of each, how they interplay, and you'll be less likely to confuse the two.

    各自的細微差別,它們是如何相互作用的,你就不容易把兩者混淆。

  • 3. Make the content relatable. While elaborating on a concept, relate it to your own life experiences

    3.讓內容變得有親和力。在闡述一個概念的同時,要與自己的生活經歷聯繫起來。

  • or memories for a stronger memory anchor. Integrating new material with concepts you

    或記憶,以獲得更強的記憶錨。將新材料與您的概念相結合

  • already know helps you organize the new ideas, facilitating recall in the future, such as

    已經知道的幫助你整理新的想法,方便以後回憶,如

  • on test day.

    在測試日。

  • Don't be overzealous with your elaboration, meaning keep it within there scope of what

    不要過於熱衷於你的闡述,也就是說要把它控制在有的範圍內,什麼是

  • is accurate and reasonable. Overextension of elaboration can actually cause further

    是準確合理的。過度擴張的闡述實際上會造成進一步的

  • confusion in the long run.

    從長遠來看,混亂。

  • Practicing elaboration with small groups, such as with the Feynman technique, can be

    用小組練習闡述,如用費曼技術,可以是

  • helpful, but beyond three people the drawbacks begin to outweigh the benefits.

    有幫助,但超過三個人就開始弊大於利了。

  • Interleaving is the practice of alternating your studying from one topic to another rather

    交錯式學習是指從一個主題到另一個主題交替學習的做法,而不是。

  • than blocking time for only one subject for an extended period of time. The literature

    比長時間只對一個科目封鎖時間。文獻

  • suggests that this strategy is particularly helpful with subjects requiring problem solving,

    說明這種策略對需要解決問題的科目特別有幫助。

  • such as physics, chemistry, or math. Why is this counterintuitively beneficial? Interleaving

    如物理、化學或數學。為什麼會有反常的好處呢?交錯

  • facilitates finding the links, similarities, and differences between ideas.

    便於尋找思想之間的聯繫、相似和差異。

  • Interleaving simply means you need to switch between topics, ideas, or subjects during

    交錯簡單地說,就是你需要在主題、觀點或主題之間進行切換。

  • a study session. Avoid studying one focused area for too long.

    一個學習環節。避免在一個重點領域學習時間過長。

  • As you interleave, it's recommended you approach the topics and subjects in different

    在穿插的過程中,建議你以不同的話題和主題來處理。

  • orders to facilitate improved understanding. While doing so, make it a conscious practice

    令,以利於增進理解。在這樣做的同時,要有意識地實行

  • to think how you can link principles between the different concepts.

    思考如何將不同概念之間的原理聯繫起來。

  • The added benefit that goes overlooked is one of sustained endurance. When you're

    被忽視的額外好處是持續的耐力。當你

  • strategically shifting between topics, you can ward off burn out and boredom through

    有策略地在不同主題之間轉換,你可以通過以下方式抵禦倦怠和無聊

  • novel stimuli. I used this practice almost religiously as a medical student to get through

    新奇的刺激。我在學醫的時候,幾乎是虔誠地用這種做法來度過了

  • study marathons on an almost daily basis.

    幾乎每天都在研究馬拉松。

  • Interleaving requires a bit of calibrationif you spend too little or too much time

    交錯需要一點點的校準--如果你花的時間太少或太多

  • on a single topic, it can prove detrimental. Switch too often and you begin to face the

    在一個單一的主題上,它可能被證明是有害的。切換太頻繁,你就會開始面臨

  • issues of multi-tasking, whereby you fail to achieve meaningful deep understanding and

    多重任務的問題,從而使你無法實現有意義的深入理解和。

  • effectiveness drops. Spend too much time and you're not interleaving but rather just

    效力下降。花費太多時間,你不是在交錯,而是隻在

  • performing traditional blocked studying.

    進行傳統的封鎖式學習。

  • My recommendation is to perform at minimum 1-2 Pomodoro blocks before switching to a

    我的建議是,在換成Pomodoro塊之前,至少執行1-2個Pomodoro塊。

  • new topic. At the end of the study session, summarize the relevant key points, but do

    新課題。在學習會結束時,總結相關的要點,但要做到

  • so in a different order than when you first reviewed the information.

    所以與你第一次查閱資料時的順序不同。

  • Concrete examples are a useful tool in facilitating understanding complex or difficult concepts.

    具體的例子是幫助理解複雜或困難概念的有用工具。

  • It's quite simplefind relevant examples that illustrate the principles from a lesson

    很簡單--從課件中找到相關的例子來說明原理。

  • you're trying to learn, and ensure you deeply understand how the concrete example is a reflection

    你要學習的內容,並確保你深刻理解具體的例子是如何反映出

  • of this principle in practice.

    這一原則的實踐。

  • To implement this practice, collect examples and then explain how the example illustrates

    為了實施這一做法,要收集實例,然後解釋該實例是如何說明的

  • the principle you're attempting to learn, and repeat. You can also create your own examples

    你試圖學習的原則,並重復。你也可以創造自己的例子

  • or exchange examples with your study group for added benefit.

    或與學習小組交流實例,以增加收益。

  • When practicing this technique, ensure that the examples are actually relevant and accurate

    在練習這個技巧時,要保證例子的實際意義和準確度。

  • to the concept or principle you're studying. Too often, students will find poor examples

    到你所研究的概念或原理。很多時候,學生會發現差的例子

  • online, through friends, or from other resources that reinforce an improper understanding.

    網上、通過朋友或從其他資源中強化不正確的理解。

  • Dual coding is the practice of inputting information related to the same concept through multiple

    雙重編碼是指通過多種方式輸入與同一概念相關的資訊的做法。

  • forms of media. For example, you may read about a concept in a textbook, and additionally

    媒體的形式。例如,你可能會在教科書上讀到一個概念,此外

  • use visuals and diagrams to drive the point home.

    用視覺和圖表來說明問題。

  • To most effectively implement dual coding, don't simply look at a visual and think

    要想最有效地實現雙重編碼,不要簡單地看一個視覺效果,就想

  • ah yes, I know this,” but rather actively explain the concept in your own words. Even

    "啊,是的,我知道這個",而是積極地用自己的話解釋這個概念。甚至

  • better, take the information you've read about in a textbook or heard about in lecture

    更好的是,把你在課本上讀到的或在講座上聽到的資訊。

  • and create your own visuals. This goes back to the summary sheets and synthesis questions

    並創造自己的視覺效果。這又回到了總結表和綜合題上

  • I spoke about in my how to take notes video. This will not only prove helpful in the active

    我在我的如何做筆記的視頻中講過。這不僅會被證明是有幫助的,在積極的

  • process of creating the diagram, but now you also have a condensed high yield visual for

    的過程,但現在你也有了一個濃縮的高收益的視覺效果。

  • future reference.

    未來參考。

  • The most common mistake to avoid with dual coding is passively reviewing the various

    雙重編碼最應該避免的錯誤是被動地審查各種

  • forms of media rather than approaching the practice through active methods. To demonstrate

    的媒體形式,而不是通過積極的方法來進行實踐。為了證明

  • mastery, you should be able to draw necessary figures from memory without cheating and looking

    掌握,你應該能從記憶中畫出必要的數字,而不需要作弊和看

  • at your notes.

    在你的筆記。

  • Understand that these seven principles are not to be practiced in isolation, but rather

    理解這七項原則不是孤立地去實踐,而是要做到

  • are interrelated and should be used in conjunction. I refuse to believe the myths that how you

    是相互關聯的,應該結合使用。我拒絕相信那些神話,認為你是如何...

  • do in school or on standardized exams is fixed and based on predetermined intelligence. I

    在學校或標準化考試中的表現是固定的,是基於預設的智力的。I

  • believe anyone has the ability to dramatically improve their study techniques, efficiency,

    相信任何人都有能力大幅度提高自己的學習技巧、效率。

  • and performance on test day. If you need help taking your performance to the next level,

    和測試日的表現。如果你需要幫助,讓你的表現更上一層樓。

  • our team at Med School Insiders will help you implement these 7 techniques and more.

    我們的醫學院內部人士團隊將幫助你實施這7種技術以及更多。

  • Not only are our tutors top tier performers with top percentile scores on the MCAT, USMLE,

    我們的導師不僅是MCAT、USMLE的百分制成績名列前茅的一線名師。

  • and other tests, but they're also phenomenal teachers as well, helping thousands of students

    和其他測試,但他們也是了不起的老師,幫助成千上萬的學生。

  • drastically improve their performance. Unlike other companies, we don't just take any

    大幅提高他們的業績。與其他公司不同的是,我們並不只是採取任何

  • tutors - we are insanely selective and only recruit the best. My team and I have worked

    輔導員--我們的選擇非常嚴格,只招收最好的學生。我和我的團隊已經在

  • tirelessly in creating the best 1-on-1 tutoring experience for future doctors. We've obsessed

    孜孜不倦地為未來的醫生創造最好的1對1輔導體驗。我們痴迷於

  • over creating the most effective and rigorous system that optimizes for one thingdelivering

    而不是創建最有效、最嚴格的系統,以優化一件事-----------------------------------------------------提供

  • results. If you want to crush your MCAT, USMLE, or need help doing better in any class, from

    結果。如果你想粉碎你的MCAT,USMLE,或需要幫助做更好的任何類,從。

  • organic chemistry or physics to cardiology or surgery and everything between, our team

    從有機化學或物理學到心臟病學或外科,以及介於兩者之間的所有學科,我們的團隊都能為您提供專業的服務。

  • has got your back. Visit MedSchoolInsiders.com to learn more.

    已經得到了您的支持。訪問MedSchoolInsiders.com瞭解更多。

  • Out of the 7 evidence based study techniques, which ones are you neglecting and going to

    在7種循證學習技術中,你忽視了哪些技術,並去

  • practice moving forward? Let me know with a comment down below. If you liked this video,

    實踐在前進?請在下方留言告訴我。如果你喜歡這個視頻。

  • please give us a thumbs up to keep the YouTube gods happy. To see more content like this

    請給我們豎起大拇指,讓YouTube的神靈高興。要查看更多類似的內容

  • every Saturday at 8AM, make sure you're subscribed with the notification bell enabled.

    每週六上午8點,確保你訂閱的通知鈴聲啟用。

  • Much love to you all, and I will see you guys in that next one.

    很愛你們,我們下一場見。

As doctors, we treat patients with evidence-based medicine, meaning treatment modalities that

作為醫生,我們以循證醫學的方式來治療病人,也就是說,治療方式要能

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