This is SARS-CoV-2.

這是SARS-CoV-2。

The novel coronavirus that first appeared in humans in late 2019.

2019年底首次出現在人類身上的新型冠狀病毒。

These are some of the first close-up views of the virus, made using a very specific imaging

這些是病毒的一些首批特寫圖，是用一種非常特殊的成像技術製作的。

technique.

技術性：

That can see things far too small to be visible under a normal microscope.

可以看到小得不能再小的東西，在普通顯微鏡下是看不到的。

They show us how the virus moves inside the human body,

他們向我們展示了病毒如何在人體內移動。

And how it hijacks our cells, using these.

以及它如何劫持我們的細胞，利用這些。

These spikey crowns give the coronavirus its name.

這些尖尖的冠狀物使冠狀病毒得名。

And they're the key to understanding how to beat it.

而他們是瞭解如何戰勝它的關鍵。

To get this right, I need to bring in two experts.

為了做好這件事，我需要請來兩位專家。

The first is my colleague Liz's dad, Frank.

第一個是我的同事麗茲的爸爸，弗蘭克。

He teaches materials science and engineering at Ohio State University.

他在俄亥俄州立大學教授材料科學與工程。

Yes! So that's how you pronounce it. Okay that's a good start.

是啊！所以，這是你如何發音。好吧，這是一個好的開始。

And the other is Beth Fischer.

另一個是貝絲-費舍爾

Her team at NIAID, the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, created

她的團隊在NIAID（美國國家過敏和傳染病研究所）創建了一個新的團隊。

those initial images of the virus.

那些病毒的初始影像。

The ones you'll start to notice embedded in news articles around the internet.

那些你會開始注意到嵌入在互聯網上的新聞文章。

So let's start with how these images were made.

那麼我們先來看看這些圖片是如何製作的。

The first thing you need to know is that the coronavirus it's very, very, very, small.

首先你要知道的是，冠狀病毒它是非常非常小的。

Around 100 nanometers.

100納米左右。

To put that into context, if you take out a ruler and look at one of the millimeter

說到這裡，如果你拿出一把尺子，看看其中一把毫米的

markings, you could fit 10,000 virus particles inside of that.

標記，你可以把10000個病毒顆粒裝在裡面。

At that size, it's invisible to us, even under a standard light microscope, like the

在這種尺寸下，我們是看不到的，即使在標準的光學顯微鏡下也是如此，比如說，我們可以在顯微鏡下看到它。

one you might have used in grade school.

一個你可能已經使用 在小學。

That's because the smallest wavelengths of light humans can see measure about 400

因為人類所能看到的最小波長的光，大約是400

nm.

nm.

Not small enough for the coronavirus to be visible.

不夠小，冠狀病毒就看不出來。

In order to see something that small, you need an electron microscope.

為了看到這麼小的東西，你需要一個電子顯微鏡。

How does it actually differ from what we would think of as a microscope?

其實它和我們想象中的顯微鏡有什麼不同呢？

Instead of light we're using electrons.

我們用電子代替了光。

And electrons you think of as particles.

而電子你認為是粒子。

But if you take the electron, strip it off of the atom, and accelerate it in a field

但如果你把電子從原子中剝離出來 在一個場中加速它

and make it fly really fast.

並讓它飛得非常快。

And that wavelength is much, much smaller than the light waves we use in a standard

而這個波長比我們在標準中使用的光波要小很多很多

microscope.

顯微鏡。

So now you're like 6, 7, 8 magnitudes smaller in size.

所以現在你的體積小了6、7、8等。

So now you can see smaller stuff.

所以現在你可以看到更小的東西。

If you look through NIAID's coronavirus Flickr page, you'll come across two distinct

如果你查看NIAID的冠狀病毒Flickr頁面，你會看到兩個不同的。

types of images.

類型的影像。

SEM and TEM.

SEM和TEM。

They're made using two different types of electron microscopes.

它們是用兩種不同類型的電子顯微鏡製作的。

A Scanning Electron Microscope, or SEM, scans the surface of a sample and records what bounces

掃描電子顯微鏡，或稱SEM，掃描樣品的表面並記錄反彈的內容。

back, sort of like how satellite imaging works.

回，有點像衛星成像的原理。

It gives you the basic topography of whatever you're looking at, with realistic lighting

它為你提供了你所看到的任何東西的基本地形，並提供了逼真的照明。

similar to photography.

類似於攝影。

Shadow and relative size of objects shows you their placement and how they move through

物體的影子和相對大小向你展示它們的位置和它們如何移動。

the cell. A Transmission Electron Microscope, or TEM,

細胞。透射電子顯微鏡，即TEM。

goes way deeper.

更深層次的。

It records the inner details of a sample by transmitting electrons through it.

它通過傳輸電子來記錄樣品的內部細節。

And projecting a cross section of its inner structure.

並投影出其內部結構的斷面。

So it's part of the basic science research to try and understand structurally what's

所以，這是基礎科學研究的一部分，試圖從結構上理解什麼是 "大熊貓"。

going on

進行中

Images from both microscopes are taken in black and white, the color is added later

從兩個顯微鏡的影像是在黑色和白色，顏色是後來添加的

for clarity.

為明確。

Like in this SEM image, where virus particles, colored in yellow, are seen emerging from

就像在這張SEM影像中，病毒顆粒，黃色的顏色，可以看到出現從

the surface of a cell, colored blue and pink.

細胞的表面，顏色為藍色和粉紅色。

When examined together, these images can help scientists start to figure out how coronavirus

將這些影像放在一起研究，可以幫助科學家們開始弄清冠狀病毒是如何被感染的。

works.

作品。

There's ways to start then understanding how is it getting in a cell?

有辦法，那就先了解它是怎麼進入細胞的？

How is it harnessing that cell machinery to make more of itself?

它是如何駕馭那臺細胞機器，讓自己變得更加強大的呢？

Can you just tell me kind of what we're looking at here?

你能不能告訴我我們在看什麼？

So this is a single viral particle.

所以這是一個單一的病毒顆粒。

And the yellow you see is the core of the virus itself.

而你看到的黃色就是病毒本身的核心。

And then the corona, where coronaviruses get their name, is that halo around it that's

然後是日冕，日冕病毒的名字就是這樣來的，就是它周圍的光環，就是

in orange.

橙色的。

That corona is the key to understanding how the virus hijacks our cells.

這個電暈是瞭解病毒如何劫持我們細胞的關鍵。

The spike proteins that surround the virus attach to a host cell's membrane and then

病毒周圍的釘狀蛋白附著在宿主細胞的膜上，然後。

penetrate it.

穿透它。

Once it forces its way in, it spreads its RNA around the host cell, multiplies, exits,

一旦它強行進入，它就會在宿主細胞周圍傳播它的RNA，繁殖，退出。

and repeats, which makes us sick.

並重復，這讓我們感到噁心。

So if we can bind those spike proteins up with something like an antibody, it'll prevent

所以，如果我們能結合這些尖峰蛋白 與抗體一樣的東西，它會防止

them from being able to attach and enter cells.

它們無法附著並進入細胞。

Which is exactly how we've beaten back viruses with similar spiky proteins before.

這正是我們之前用類似的尖刺蛋白擊退病毒的方法。

This is a 3D rendering of the ebola virus.

這是對埃博拉病毒的3D渲染。

You see all those proteins on the surface – when we talk about the spike proteins,

當我們談到尖峰蛋白時，你會看到所有這些蛋白質的表面。

that's what we're talking about, no matter which virus we're looking at.

這就是我們所說的，不管是哪種病毒，我們都在尋找。

This is HIV actually.

這其實就是艾滋病毒。

So this is printed after we do our cryo-TEM.

所以這是在我們做完低溫TEM後打印的。

And you can see all these tiny little proteins and how they're distributed on the surface.

你可以看到所有這些微小的蛋白質 以及它們是如何分佈在表面的。

And these are the proteins that we tend to target for vaccine development.

而這些都是我們傾向於開發疫苗的目標蛋白。

Is there anything, about the images specifically, that you'd want to share with our audience

有沒有什麼，關於這些圖片，特別是，你想與我們的觀眾分享。

that maybe you think would be helpful for them to know?

也許你認為會對他們有所幫助？

I think when you can face your enemy, it takes a little bit of the fear factor out of it.

我想當你能面對你的敵人時，就會消除一點恐懼的因素。

I think it's just understanding what it is we're looking at and how it works within

我認為這只是瞭解我們正在尋找的是什麼，以及它是如何工作的內

our bodies.

我們的身體。

But to show that

但為了表明

I think is important to know.

我想是很重要的。