about how the vaccine to stop the spread of COVID-19 is just around the corner.

關於如何阻止COVID-19傳播的疫苗是指日可待的。

There are actually over 160 vaccines in development, but two in particular are making the most

實際上有超過160種疫苗正在開發中，但有兩種疫苗特別引人注目。

headlines; one from Moderna Inc and another from University of Oxford.

頭條新聞；一個來自Moderna Inc，另一個來自牛津大學。

But what makes these two so special?

但是是什麼讓這兩個人如此特別呢？

And how close are they really to being available to you and me?

而他們到底離你我有多近？

To summarize; There are a variety of vaccine types, and the biggest difference between

綜上所述；疫苗的種類有很多種，最大的區別在於

them is how they use the pathogen in the vaccine.

他們是如何使用疫苗中的病原體。

It can be a whole pathogen, just a piece of it or a newer method using the DNA or RNA

可以是整個病原體，也可以是其中的一部分，或者是使用DNA或RNA的新方法。

of the pathogen.

的病原體。

This new method, also known as a Nucleic Acid vaccine development, are what Moderna and University of

這種新的方法，也被稱為核酸疫苗的開發，是Moderna和University of America的合作項目。

Oxford are both creating.

牛津大學都在創造。

Typically, for a vaccine to go from the lab to our bodies is a process that takes anywhere

通常情況下，疫苗從實驗室到我們的身體是一個過程，需要在任何地方進行。

from seven to fifteen years.

從7年到15年。

But we're already seeing nucleic acid vaccines near the final stages of their development

但我們已經看到核酸疫苗的研發接近最後階段了

in a matter of months.

在幾個月內。

This speediness is possible because these vaccines seem to be safer, cheaper, and easier

這種快速性是可能的，因為這些疫苗似乎更安全、更便宜、更容易。

to both handle and make.

以處理和使。

See, all a team needs to make this vaccine is the pathogen's genetic code, not the

你看，團隊製作這種疫苗所需要的是病原體的遺傳密碼，而不是。

actual virus itself.

實際病毒本身。

So in the case of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2's entire genome was sequenced in January 2020

所以在COVID-19的情況下，SARS-CoV-2的整個基因組在2020年1月進行了測序。

and then uploaded to a public database for anyone to use.

然後上傳到公共數據庫中，供任何人使用。

And then, the race was on.

然後，比賽就開始了。

Moderna made headlines early in the pandemic because they were one of the first to take

Moderna在流行病早期就成為頭條新聞，因為他們是第一批採取了 "大數據 "技術的公司之一。

this sequenced genome and combine it with their already developed mRNA technology called

這個經過測序的基因組，並與他們已經開發的mRNA技術結合起來，稱為。

mRNA-1273.

mRNA-1273.

mRNA, or messenger RNA, is an instruction molecule that, well, does kind of what it

mRNA，或信使RNA，是一個指令分子，好了，做那種它的

sounds like; it instructs a cell on how to use that genetic code.

聽起來像；它指導細胞如何使用該遺傳密碼。

So to get a lil technical, the team at Moderna isolated the part of SARS-CoV-2's genome

是以，為了提高技術含量，Moderna的團隊分離了SARS-CoV-2的部分基因組。

that makes the infamous “spike protein” that we see on coronaviruses.

這使得臭名昭著的 "尖峰蛋白" 我們看到冠狀病毒。

Then, they implanted that genetic code into an mRNA molecule.

然後，他們將該遺傳密碼植入一個mRNA分子中。

Aaand that's the vaccine candidate!

這就是候選疫苗!

When injected into the human body, that vaccine will enter our cells, instructing them to

當注射到人體後，該疫苗會進入我們的細胞，訓示它們進行

use the viral code, and making our own cells produce their own “spike proteins”.

使用病毒代碼，並使我們自己的細胞產生自己的 "尖峰蛋白"。

Our immune system can then identify those spike proteins as foreign stuff and begin doing

我們的免疫系統就可以將這些尖峰蛋白識別為外來的東西，並開始做。

what it does best to protect our body and produce antibodies to remember the infection for future protection

它最擅長的是保護我們的身體，併產生抗體來記住感染，以便將來保護我們的身體

Now, the best part about this technique, remember, is that the virus isn't actually in our

現在，這種技術最好的部分，記住， 是病毒實際上並不在我們的

body.

身體：

The vaccine is just mimicking what that would 'look' like to our immune system.

疫苗只是在模仿我們免疫系統的'樣子'。

So this mRNA method skips the usual time-intensive development process that's required

所以這種mRNA方法跳過了通常需要的時間密集型的開發過程。

when to using live-viruses in a vaccine.

何時在疫苗中使用活病毒。

So great, we know how it works.When will we have it?

很好，我們知道它是如何工作的.我們什麼時候會有它？

Like all viable vaccines, these two promising candidates will have to pass the three major

與所有可行的疫苗一樣，這兩種有希望的候選疫苗必須通過三大考驗

phases of development.

發展階段。

With each phase of clinical trial, the amount of people the vaccine is tested on

在臨床試驗的每一個階段，疫苗的試驗人數都會增加。

increases.

增加。

As of July 27th, Moderna was the first U.S. vaccine candidate to enter a human clinical

截至7月27日，Moderna是美國第一個進入人體臨床的候選疫苗。

trial with 30,000 healthy participants who are at “high-risk” of contracting COVID.

試驗有3萬名健康的參與者，他們有感染COVID的 "高風險"。

Many are coming from hotspot locations around the U.S. that have increased rates of infection,

許多人來自美國各地感染率上升的熱點地區。

so scientists will be able see how the virus and the vaccine candidate interact in the real

這樣科學家們就能看到病毒和候選疫苗在現實中是如何相互作用的。

world.

岍。

But waiting for that data to come back in and be processed will take a while, and it makes

但等待這些數據回來處理需要一段時間，這就使得。

it a bit harder to get a reliable timeline on when we'll finally get a vaccine for

這有點困難得到一個可靠的時間表 當我們最終會得到一個疫苗，為

widespread use.

廣泛使用。

In Moderna's case, they're aiming to have preliminary data by the end of year, and they're

以摩德納為例，他們的目標是在年底前有初步的數據，而且他們是

hoping to have their vaccine available sometime in 2021.

希望在2021年的某個時候能夠提供他們的疫苗。

Their manufacturing partner, a Swiss company named Lonza, plans on helping Moderna create

他們的製造合作伙伴是一家名為Lonza的瑞士公司，計劃幫助Moderna製造出

up to one billion doses.

高達10億劑量。

That is, if it's approved. And as far as the race goes, University of Oxford is not too

也就是說，如果獲批的話。而就比賽而言，牛津大學並不是太。

far behind them.

遠遠地落在他們身後。

Instead of an mRNA molecule, University of Oxford is using a weakened and modified version

牛津大學使用的不是mRNA分子，而是經過弱化和修改的版本。

of a chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine vector.

腺病毒疫苗載體的黑猩猩。

That's basically a harmless virus that causes colds in chimps.

那基本上是一種無害的病毒，會引起黑猩猩的感冒。

Their vaccine is called the (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) or AZD1222 and it also uses the genetic code for

他們的疫苗叫做（ChAdOx1 nCoV-19）或AZD1222，它也使用了以下的基因代碼。

the coronavirus “spike protein”.But instead of placing it inside an mRNA molecule, the

冠狀病毒的 "尖峰蛋白".但不是將其置於mRNA分子內，而是將其置於mRNA分子內。

team placed these instructions inside the adenovirus.

團隊將這些指令放在腺病毒內。

This induces a similar immune response to protect the body from future infections.

這樣就會誘發類似的免疫反應，保護身體免受未來的感染。

What makes ChAdOx1 so promising is that this method has been used before on another coronavirus

是什麼讓ChAdOx1如此有前途，這種方法之前已經在另一種冠狀病毒上使用過。

called MERS, of which there was an outbreak in 2012 . And unlike mRNA technology, the

稱為MERS，2012年曾爆發過一次 。而與mRNA技術不同的是。

Chimpanzee adenovirus itself has already been studied for a number of years, and has already

黑猩猩腺病毒本身已經被研究了很多年，並且已經

been genetically altered so that it's impossible for it to grow in humans.

被改變了基因，所以它不可能在人類身上生長。

That means it's safe to give to children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions

這意味著給兒童、老人和已有病症的人服用是安全的。

like diabetes.

如糖尿病。

Oxford's vaccine is already entering the final stages of their trial, which includes

牛津大學的疫苗已經進入了他們試驗的最後階段，其中包括

thousands of participants.

數千名參與者。

The team estimates “a couple of months” for their data to come in, but again, the

該團隊估計，他們的數據要 "幾個月 "才能到賬，但同樣的。

timeline is uncertain.

時間線不確定。

But if everything goes to plan, the Australian government has already signed a letter of

但如果一切都按計劃進行，澳大利亞政府已經簽署了一封

intent with distribution company AstraZeneca to secure 25 million doses of the vaccine.

與分銷公司阿斯利康達成意向，以確保2500萬劑疫苗。

Because money is what's really pushing these vaccines through the door.

因為錢才是真正把這些疫苗推到門外的原因。

The U.S.'s action plan, called “Operation Warp Speed”, is investing in both these

美國的行動計劃名為 "戰速行動"，在這兩方面的投資。

candidates heavily, with almost $2.5 billion going to Moderna and $1.2 billion to AstraZeneca

候選人重金收購，其中近25億美元給了Moderna，12億美元給了阿斯利康。

and University of Oxford.

和牛津大學。

This is in order to reach Operation Warp Speed's goal to distribute 300 million doses by January

這是為了達到 "戰速行動 "在1月前發放3億劑的目標。

2021.

2021.

That's an aggressive timeline that many doubt is even feasible.

這是一個咄咄逼人的時間表，很多人懷疑它是否可行。

Not only would this be the fastest vaccine ever created, but also the first ever approved

這不僅是有史以來最快的疫苗，而且也是有史以來第一個被準許的疫苗。

nucleic acid vaccine.

核酸疫苗。

So as of right now, our best hopes are that either Moderna or Oxford's vaccines will

所以就目前而言，我們最希望的是莫德納或牛津的疫苗能夠。

prove to be safe, and effective, and that one or both will be available and affordable

證明是安全和有效的，並且其中一種或兩種都可以得到和負擔得起。

for me and you.

為我和你。

In terms of when this will all happen, the best we can optimistically say is maybe “sometime

關於這一切何時會發生，我們可以樂觀地說，最好的辦法是 "某個時候"。

in 2021”.

2021年"。

So until then, practice social distancing, wash your hands, wear your mask, and stay

所以，在那之前，練習社交距離，洗手，戴上口罩，保持

safe . For you and those you love.

安全。為了你和你愛的人。