that you would think there would be very few parallels,

你會認為會有很少的相似之處。

and yet the more we learn about elephant society

然而，我們對大象社會的瞭解越多。

the more parallels we see.

我們看到的相似之處就越多。

They seem to have very strong social bonds.

他們似乎有很強的社會聯繫。

Females stay in their family groups their whole lives.

女性一生都呆在家庭群體中。

And the males will stay in their family group

而雄性會留在他們的家庭群體中。

until they become teenagers,

直到他們成為青少年。

and then they will move out and they will hang out with other males

然後他們會搬出去，他們會掛出與其他男性。

in what's known as a bachelor herd.

在所謂的單身漢群中。

The calves get raised by their relatives as well as their mum.

小牛得到親戚以及媽媽的撫養。

So sisters, brothers, aunties, cousins, grandma

所以，姐妹，兄弟，姑姑，表妹，外婆

all contribute to the raising of the calf, much like we used to.

都有助於小牛的飼養，就像我們過去一樣。

Elephants are really amazing at staying in touch.

大象在保持聯繫方面真的很神奇。

Elephants will communicate with each other using vocalisations,

大象會用發聲來互相交流。

making sounds that are within human hearing range,

發出人類聽覺範圍內的聲音。

but we know that they also use something called infrasound

但我們知道他們也使用一種叫次聲波的東西。

which is a very low-frequency sound.

這是一種非常低頻的聲音。

And the thing about infrasound

還有關於次聲波的事情

is that it travels over very long distances, it can travel many miles.

就是它的傳播距離非常長，它可以走很多英里。

And so we believe that elephants,

所以我們相信，大象。

when they separate from each other in groups,

當他們在群體中相互分離時。

that they will keep in touch with each other using infrasound

他們會用次聲波保持聯繫。

and they will use that to coordinate their movements with each other,

他們會利用這一點來協調彼此的動作。

eventually meeting back up together again.

最終又在一起見面了。

For us in the Western world, and in big cities with so many people,

對於我們西方世界，以及人多的大城市。

loneliness is a problem, is a massive social illness.

孤獨是一個問題，是一個巨大的社會疾病。

The behaviour of elephants suggests that they are aware of death

大象的行為表明它們意識到了死亡的存在

and that they do grieve and show emotion

而且他們確實在悲傷，並表現出情感。

when members of their family die.

當其家庭成員死亡時；

And they also show interest in the remains of elephants

他們還對大象的遺體表現出興趣。

that they might not have known.

他們可能不知道。

And I quote someone called Kyle Owens,

我引用一個叫凱爾-歐文斯的人的話。

who was working in Burkina Faso in 1986.

1986年在布基納法索工作；

He witnessed a remarkable scene

他目睹了一個非凡的場景

while watching a herd of eight elephants with a tiny baby.

而看著一群八隻大象帶著一個小嬰兒。

He saw that the baby was ill, and throughout the morning,

他看到孩子生病了，整個上午。

the mother tried everything to raise the calf to its feet.

母親想盡辦法把小牛抬起來。

He says at dusk he returned, the baby had died.

他說黃昏時分他回來，孩子已經死了。

Its tiny body was barely visible

它的小身板幾乎看不到了

as the other elephants had covered him with dirt and grass and leaves.

因為其他大象用泥土和草葉覆蓋了他。

The mother positioned herself over her child and began to rock.

母親把自己的位置放在孩子身上，開始搖晃。

Occasionally other elephants would stroke her back affectionately

偶爾其他大象會親切地撫摸她的背部

or intertwine trunks.

或交織的樹幹。

She continued to rock as darkness fell.

她繼續搖晃著，黑暗降臨。

Like elephants we grieve,

我們像大象一樣悲傷。

it's normal and it's very common

尋常百姓家

and it's something that we're all going to experience in life.

而這是我們人生中都會經歷的事情。

Even though you have to go on without this person in your life,

即使你的生活中沒有這個人，你也要繼續走下去。

you can live through the memories that you've had over the years.

你可以活在這些年的記憶中。

Elephants touch each other with their trunks,

大象用鼻子互相觸碰。

and this physical contact seems to provide comfort.

而這種身體上的接觸似乎能給人帶來安慰。

So an elephant that has appeared distressed,

所以，一頭大象，已經顯得很痛苦。

when another elephant comes over to it

當另一頭大象走過來的時候

and seems to be comforting it using its trunk, and touching it,

並似乎在用它的軀幹安慰它，撫摸它。

the other elephant seems to then relax,

另一頭大象似乎就放鬆了。

and seems to show less distress.

並似乎表現出較少的困擾。

So, similar to hugging.

所以，類似於擁抱。

Comfort, affection, touching, hugging, kissing,

安慰、愛撫、撫摸、擁抱、親吻。

is quite a reassurance that, OK, there's some support there.

是一個相當的保證，OK，有一些支持有。

You want people to feel supported,

你想讓人們感到被支持。

you want them feel like they are part of this society,

你想讓他們覺得自己是這個社會的一部分。

they are part of this world, and they have got a purpose here.

他們是這個世界的一部分，他們在這裡有一個目的。