Name: How metaphors shape the way you see the world | BBC Ideas
Uploaded: 2020-08-14T19:15:18.000Z
Duration: 3 min 44 s

或者像詩人保羅-馬爾敦所說的那樣... ...

程度副詞

They shape our beliefs, attitudes and actions

它們塑造了我們的信念、態度和行動。

At its simplest, a metaphor is X equals Y.

But more often metaphors are harder to unpick.

但更多的時候，隱喻是很難解開的。

就拿《了不起的蓋茨比》的結尾來說... ...

On first glance, we're talking about rowers

乍一看，我們說的是賽艇運動員

But the image is mixed up with time, the past, the power of nostalgia.

但畫面中混雜著時間、過去、懷舊的力量。

Philosopher Thomas Hobbes compared the use of metaphors to...

哲學家托馬斯-霍布斯將隱喻的使用比作...。

If we're trying to express anything abstract

如果我們想表達任何抽象的東西。

Take heartbreak. Imagine your friend is going through a break up,

就拿心碎來說吧。想象一下，你的朋友正在經歷分手。

Some metaphors have become so familiar, they almost feel literal.

有些隱喻已經非常熟悉，幾乎感覺到字面意思。

Think about time again. There's the tired old metaphor...

再想想時間。有一個老掉牙的比喻... ...

我們竟然把時間和金錢等同起來？

But dig a little deeper and you'll see...

The American linguist, George Lakoff, called these orientational metaphors.

美國語言學家喬治-拉科夫稱這些定向隱喻。

Lakoff also helped develop the idea of political framing.

拉科夫還幫助發展了政治框架的概念。

The words we choose affect how we perceive and deal with social issues

我們選擇的詞語會影響我們對社會問題的看法和處理方式。

and help decide what becomes publicly accepted common sense.

並幫助決定什麼成為公眾接受的常識。

而隱喻在其中起到了巨大的作用。

military metaphors like this could actually undermine cancer treatment,

這樣的軍事隱喻其實會破壞癌症治療。

make people feel fatalistic about their chances

and even put implicit blame on those who don't survive.

甚至把隱性的責任推給那些活不下去的人。

犯罪是另一個充滿隱喻的領域。

But what effect might metaphors really have?

但隱喻到底可能有什麼效果呢？

2011年，斯坦福大學的一項研究給了一個小組

a pamphlet describing crime as a wild beast preying upon a city.

一本小冊子，將犯罪描述為城市中的野獸。

A second group were given a different pamphlet

describing crime as a virus plaguing the population.

將犯罪描述為一種困擾人們的病毒，

當被問及如何解決這個問題時。

第一組人比第二組人多20%的可能性

to endorse stricter policing than the second.

來認可比第二種更嚴格的治安。

Lakoff and his co-author Mark Johnson put it like this...

拉科夫和他的合著者馬克-約翰遜這樣說... ...

或者改編一個眾所周知的例子...

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How metaphors shape the way you see the world | BBC Ideas

perceive

matter

tackle

common