PHIL: Ready.

PHIL:準備好了。

You're ready?

你準備好了？

Okay.

好吧，我知道了

Alright.

好吧，我知道了

I'm Coleman Lowndes.

我是Coleman Lowndes

PHIL: I'm Phil Edwards.

我是菲爾-愛德華茲。

And this is History Club, where Phil and I tell each other a story from history that

這裡是歷史俱樂部 菲爾和我在這裡給對方講一個歷史故事。

ideally the other one doesn't know anything about.

理想情況下，另一個人什麼都不知道。

So today is my turn.

所以今天輪到我了。

And it's a story of sabotage, deception, and spies, culminating in a major attack on

這是一個關於破壞、欺騙和間諜的故事，最終導致了一次重大的攻擊。

US soil in 1916.

1916年，美國本土。

PHIL: Alright.

好吧。

Right here on Black Tom Island.

就在黑湯姆島上

So Black Tom was a munitions depot during World War I.

所以 "黑湯姆 "是第一次世界大戰期間的軍需倉庫。

And one summer night in 1916, German spies blew it to pieces.

而在1916年的一個夏夜，德國間諜把它炸得粉碎。

And they almost got away with it.

而他們卻幾乎逃脫了。

Okay so a really important thing to know about this whole story is that the US government

好吧，所以一個真正重要的事情要知道 關於這個整個故事是，美國政府

badly wanted to remain neutral when World War I broke out in Europe.

當第一次世界大戰在歐洲爆發時，很想保持中立。

And for the first few years of the war, they were.

而在戰爭的前幾年，他們是。

They saw the war as a sort of “Old World” problem thousands of miles away, and US President

他們認為戰爭是一種 "舊世界 "的問題，遠在千里之外，而美國總統。

Woodrow Wilson promised to keep the people out of it.

伍德羅-威爾遜承諾不讓人民參與其中。

PHIL: Yeah, staying out of World War I was kind of one of the cornerstones of his reelection

是的，不參加第一次世界大戰是他連任的基石之一。

campaign.

競選。

Yes.

是的，我知道

But that didn't mean they couldn't profit from it.

但這並不意味著他們不能從中獲利。

The sale and shipment of munitions to Europe became a major industry in the United States,

向歐洲銷售和運輸彈藥成為美國的一大產業。

and brought the country out of an economic downturn.

並使國家走出了經濟下滑的困境。

I mean they were pumping this sh*t out.

我的意思是，他們是抽這個狗屎了。

So I could send you a map but you know Europe.

所以我可以給你寄一張地圖，但你知道歐洲。

You know what Europe looks like.

你知道歐洲是什麼樣子。

PHIL: Yeah.

是的。

So now imagine Europe.

所以現在想象一下歐洲。

PHIL: Lots of lines, shapes.

很多線條，形狀。

This industry mainly benefited the Entente Allies, led by Great Britain, France, and

這一產業主要使以英國、法國為首的協約國受益。

Russia.

俄羅斯。

And the Central Powers, led by Germany and Austria-Hungary, could technically also buy

而以德國和奧匈帝國為首的中央大國，在技術上也可以買到。

American bombs, but they were excluded because of a really effective blockade the British

美國的炸彈,但他們被排除在外,因為英國人的一個真正有效的封鎖。

navy imposed at the beginning of the war.

海軍在戰爭開始時實施。

Getting munitions into Germany was basically impossible, so Germans turned to the next

把彈藥運進德國基本上是不可能的，所以德國人轉向了下一個目標

best thing: sabotage.

最好的東西：破壞。

I'm gonna do the short version of this, but the go-to source for the bigger story

我要做一個簡短的版本，但更大的故事的去到來源。

is this book.

是這本書。

Starting in 1914 and up until the US entered the war in 1917, Imperial Germany operated

從1914年開始，直到1917年美國參戰，帝國德國一直在運作著

a sophisticated network of spies and saboteurs inside the US, secretly wreaking havoc on

在美國內部有一個複雜的間諜和破壞者網絡，暗地裡對美國進行破壞。

the munitions industry.

彈藥工業；

Ships and factories were catching fire, and suspicion landed on Germans and German-Americans.

船隻和工廠著火了，懷疑落在德國人和德裔美國人身上。

And there were a lot of Germans here, including sailors, who, because of the British blockade,

而且這裡有很多德國人,包括水手,由於英國人的封鎖,

were sort of stranded in neutral US ports.

是那種滯留在中立的美國港口。

And that is where they were being recruited to blow up factories.

而他們就是在那裡被招募來炸燬工廠的。

PHIL: And was the appeal just one of nationalism?

而這種呼籲僅僅是一種民族主義的呼籲嗎？

These people were from Germany and they should help the German effort?

這些人是德國人，他們應該幫助德國人的努力？

Yeah, they saw it as attacks on the English.

是的，他們認為這是對英國人的攻擊。

Because the English and the Russians were buying these bombs, so it's like “these

因為英國人和俄國人在購買這些炸彈，所以就像 "這些...

are being sent straight to people who are going to use them on Germans.

被直接送到要對德國人使用的人手中。

You can't fight the war because you're stuck here.

你不能打仗，因為你被困在這裡。

Do you want to do this instead?”

你要不要改做這個？"

One of my favorite parts of this whole thing is this guy von Bernstorff.

我最喜歡的部分之一是馮-伯恩斯托夫這個傢伙。

I'm going to send you a picture of him.

我給你發一張他的照片。

Germany's ambassador to Washington was secretly overseeing this entire spy network while trying

德國駐華盛頓的大使一邊祕密監督著整個間諜網絡，一邊試圖

to maintain good relations with the US.

以保持與美國的良好關係。

At first, the plan was to buy up all the munitions before the Allies could, but the sheer scope

起初,計劃是在盟軍之前買下所有的彈藥,但由於範圍太大... ...

of US production was overwhelming.

的美國生產是壓倒性的。

German agent Franz von Rintelen remarked that:

德國特工Franz von Rintelen說：

So he started setting fire to Europe-bound ships loaded with weapons using a very special

於是，他開始用一種非常特殊的方法，點燃裝滿武器的駛往歐洲的船隻。

device.

設備。

And I wanted to go into how it works, but it's too long.

我還想講講它是怎麼工作的，但太長了。

But basically, it could be timed to go off after several days.

但基本上，可以在幾天後定時熄滅。

So by the time is far out to sea, a massive flame would ignite in the hold, and it burned

所以到了遠在海上的時候，船艙裡就會燃起一團巨大的火焰，它燃燒著。

so hot that it would melt the casing of the bomb so there was no trace of it.

熱度高到可以融化炸彈的外殼，所以沒有任何痕跡。

Which is an ideal weapon if you want the fire to look like an accident.

如果你想讓火勢看起來像個意外，哪怕是一個理想的武器。

So Americans were suspicious of German sabotage, but they couldn't prove it.

所以美國人懷疑是德國人搞的破壞，但他們無法證明。

And that's because at this time, there was no infrastructure of domestic intelligence

那是因為在這個時候，國內的情報基礎設施還沒有形成

agencies in the US.

機構在美國。

No Department of Homeland Security, no FBI, no CIA.

沒有國土安全部，沒有聯邦調查局，沒有中央情報局。

Pre-WWI America saw itself as isolated and safe, protected from foreign attacks by thousands

一戰前的美國認為自己是孤立的，安全的，受到成千上萬的外國攻擊的保護。

of miles of ocean.

英里的海洋。

Which explains why they left Black Tom their biggest prize virtually unguarded.

這也就解釋了為什麼他們把黑湯姆最大的獎品幾乎毫無防備地留給了他們。

75% of the US' booming munitions industry centered around New York and New Jersey, and

美國蓬勃發展的軍火工業有75%集中在紐約和新澤西州，而。

most of them were shipped from Black Tom.

大部分都是從黑湯姆運來的。

The night of July 30th, the warehouses and train cars there were packed to the brim with

7月30日晚，那裡的倉庫和火車車廂裡擠滿了

over two million pounds of munitions, making it possibly the largest arsenal in the world

超過200萬磅的彈藥，使其成為世界上最大的軍火庫。

outside of the war zone.

在戰區之外；

And at 2:08 in the morning, it blew up.

而在凌晨兩點零八分的時候，它就爆炸了。

Glass windows shattered all across Jersey City, Lower Manhattan, and Brooklyn.

澤西市、曼哈頓下城和布魯克林的玻璃窗都被震碎了。

The massive Brooklyn Bridge shuddered.

巨大的布魯克林大橋在顫抖。

And people as far away as Philadelphia and Maryland felt the blast, which would have

而遠在費城和馬里蘭的人們也感受到了爆炸，這將會是

registered as a moderate earthquake on the Richter scale.

按里氏震級登記為中度地震。

The Statue of Liberty was struck too.

自由女神像也被擊中了。

And its damaged torch has been closed to visitors ever since the attack.

而其受損的火炬自襲擊發生後就一直不對遊客開放。

So you used to be able to actually go to the very top of the torch, but it's been closed

所以你以前可以到火炬的最頂端去，但它已經被關閉了。

since 1916.

自1916年以來。

PHIL: Wow.

哇。

I never knew that.

我從來不知道。

Yeah.

是啊。

PHIL: So the torch was damaged that way?

所以火炬是這樣損壞的？

Yeah, it was damaged by shrapnel from bombs.

是的，它被炸彈的彈片損壞了。

All told, there were only 5 confirmed deaths, and around $20 million in property damage.

總的來說，只有5人確認死亡，財產損失約2000萬元。

Which is about half a billion today.

也就是今天的5億左右。

PHIL: Wow.

哇。

Yeah.

是啊。

Black Tom itself was obliterated, and the US had no idea how it happened.

黑湯姆本身就被消滅了，美國也不知道是怎麼發生的。

PHIL: And so when did the United States recognize that it was German spies who had been responsible

美國什麼時候認識到是德國間諜乾的？

for Black Tom?

為了黑湯姆？

It took years.

花了好幾年時間。

At first, there wasn't much suspicion of sabotage at all .

一開始，根本就沒有什麼破壞的嫌疑 。

Black Tom was seen as an act of gross negligence, and two guys were initially arrested for manslaughter.

黑湯姆被認為是一種嚴重的過失行為，兩個傢伙最初因過失殺人被捕。

The next prevailing theory was mosquitos.

接下來的主流理論是蚊子。

For a long time, the accepted sequence of events was that the fire started after the

長久以來，公認的事件順序是，火災發生後開始

handful of guards working that night lit “smudge pots,” which are these things that use smoke

當晚工作的幾名警衛點燃了 "煙壺"，就是這些用煙的東西。

to keep away mosquitos.

來驅趕蚊子。

PHIL: Okay.

好的。

I was wondering, I was imagining mosquitos wearing little robber masks sneaking in or

我在想，我在想象蚊子戴著小強盜面具偷偷摸摸地進來，或者

something.

某種東西。

PHIL: “For Bavaria!”

"為了巴伐利亞！"

It's either mosquitos or it's negligence and manslaughter.

要不就是蚊子，要不就是過失和誤殺。

But all the investigating parties initially agreed that it definitely wasn't sabotage.

但所有調查方最初都認為，這絕對不是破壞。

The year after Black Tom, the US cut diplomatic ties with Germany and entered World War I.

黑湯姆》之後的第二年，美國與德國斷交，進入第一次世界大戰。

It wasn't until 1939 that the US declared Germany responsible for blowing up Black Tom,

直到1939年，美國才宣佈德國對炸燬黑湯姆負責。

along with other acts of sabotage.

以及其他破壞行為。

They just weren't equipped to handle an investigation like this, nothing like it had

他們只是不具備處理這樣的調查的能力，沒有什麼比這更重要的了。

ever happened before.

以前從未發生過。

And I want to read you one more quote.

我還想給你念一句話。

From the Washington Evening Star in 1919.

來自1919年的《華盛頓晚星報》。

The German sabotage campaign set the stage for the passage of the Espionage Act in 1917

德國的破壞活動為1917年通過《間諜法》奠定了基礎。

and the eventual establishment of domestic intelligence agencies.

並最終建立國內情報機構。

PHIL: So what attracted you to this story?

那麼，是什麼吸引你來寫這個故事呢？

Black Tom is the signature attack of this campaign, but the spy ring I think is what

黑湯姆是這次活動的標誌性攻擊，但我認為間諜圈才是最重要的

gets me the most.

讓我最。

Just this amazing spy network that these German diplomats had set up and were operating for

只是這個驚人的間諜網絡 這些德國外交官已經建立 並正在操作的。

years inside the US.

年在美國境內。

And just think about an America that isn't what it is today where we record everything,

想想看，一個美國不是今天這樣，我們記錄一切。

and keep tabs on everyone, you know?

並保持標籤上的每個人，你知道嗎？

It was just like.... this could have only happened pre-global America.

就像......這隻可能發生在美國全球化之前。