net sales over the first ten months of the year.

You'll notice that sales rose steadily in the first few months, then there was a marked

increase in April. They peaked in May at around 3.2 million, and levelled off, then there

was a dramatic drop in the following month, followed by a significant increase in August,

and this trend has continued up until the present.

What was the reason for the sudden drop in July?

This was mainly due to a drop off in air conditioner sales - so it's a seasonal effect.

Could it be a consequence of the negative effect of the interest rate rise?

Possibly. Now, if I could draw your attention to this next diagram. This is a line graph

of sales - the blue line represents air conditioner sales, the red line shows heaters. As you'll

note, air conditioner sales dropped steadily from January to July, bottoming out then,

while heater sales experienced a sharp increase from March to June, then dropped markedly

from June to July, then declined through to September, with a pronounced drop in October.

Does this explain the fluctuation in total sales?

Largely. If we look at this pie diagram, you can see that air conditioners and heaters

together represent more than half of our total sales but they vary seasonally, while other

appliances are fairly steady through the year. Well, we can't sell air conditioners when

it's cold. What's the solution?

Export to Europe and America!

Easier said than done. Today we're looking at presenting information

using charts and graphs. We saw three types of diagram:

a bar or column graph a line graph

and a pie chart. Look at how Tan introduced his presentation.

Now, I'd like to refer to the first graph - as you can see this is a bar graph measuring

net sales over the first nine months of the year.

Tan says, "I'd like to refer to the first graph."

When referring to a diagram or graph, first direct your audience's attention to that diagram.

Practise with Tan some phrases to use for this.

I'd like to refer to the first graph

If we have a look at this graph

If I could direct your attention to the graph

Looking at the graph on the screen Let's look at the language Tan uses to describe

what the graph shows. You'll notice that sales rose steadily in

the first few months, then there was a marked increase in April. They peaked in May at around

3.2 million, and levelled off, then there was a dramatic drop in the following month,

followed by a significant increase n August, and this trend has continued up until the

present. Here's our graph:

Tan said the sales rose steadily at first, then there was a marked increase in April.

This levelled off, then there was a dramatic drop, and then a significant increase.

In describing trends, we use two words - one of those words is a noun or verb.

For example we may talk about an increase, or a decrease in numbers. Other words for

an increase are rise, climb, improvement, upturn.

Most of these words can also be used as a verb: to increase, to rise,

to climb, to improve.

Other words for a decrease are fall, decline, worsening, downturn.

These also have verbs from them: to decrease, to fall,

to decline, to worsen.

So we say, there was an improvement in the figures for April, or the figures for April

have improved.

There has been a decline in sales since June, or sales since June have declined.

But we often add more descriptive words -adjectives and adverbs. Remember adjectives go before

nouns, and adverbs go after verbs.

These describe the change in figures - was it big or small, fast or slow?

Other words for a big change are significant, marked,

massive, pronounced, substantial.

Most adjectives can also be made into adverbs, just by adding -ly or -lee. There is no adverb

for 'big', but informally we say 'a lot'.

Other words for small are slight, insignificant, and their adverbs slightly, insignifantly.

Other words for a fast or quick change are sharp, dramatic, sudden

and again we add -ly for the adverbs.

And for a slow or medium change, we can use steady or moderate, and the adverbs steadily

and moderately.

Now, try changing the phrases from noun phrases into verb phrases. For example, if Tan says,

"There was a dramatic increase in sales" you say, "Sales increased dramatically."

Have a try. There was a steady rise in sales.

Sales rose steadily.

There was a significant fall in sales.

Sales fell significantly.

There was a slight recovery in sales.

Sales recovered slightly. Now let's look at how Tan handles a question

about the graph. What was the reason for this sudden drop in

July?

This was mainly due to the drop off in air conditioner sales so it's a seasonal effect.

Could it be a consequence of the negative effect of the interest rate rise?

Here are four useful phrases for describing causes:

due to The drop in sales is due to an interest rate

rise.

a consequence of The drop in sales is a consequence of an interest

rate rise

because of The drop in sales is because of an interest

rate rise.

a result of The drop in sales is a result of an interest

rate rise.

How does Tan explain his next diagram? This is a line graph of sales - the blue line

represents air conditioner sales, the red line shows heaters. As you'll note, air conditioner

sales dropped steadily from January to July, bottoming out then, while heater sales experienced

a sharp increase from March to June, then dropped markedly from June to July, then declined

through to September, with a pronounced drop in October.

He says air conditioner sales 'bottomed out' in July. This means they reached their lowest

level.

Then he says they 'experienced a sharp increase'. And he says there was a 'pronounced' drop

in heater sales in October. 'Pronounced' here means significant, or large. Finally, look

at how Tan talks about his pie diagram. If we look at this pie diagram, you can see

that air conditioners and heater sales together represent more than half of our total sales

- but they vary seasonally, while other appliances are fairly steady through the year.

Tan says air conditioners and heaters 'represent' more than half of sales. This means they account

for more than half of the sales. We could put this another way:

More than half of sales are represented by air conditioners and heaters.

We could say washing machines represent 15% of sales.

Washing machines account for 15% of sales. Washing machines make up 15% of sales.

And that's accounted for our time today in the Business of English. See you next time.