Organization.

And the WHO actually works with a few of the regional labs.

So there are actually five labs sprinkled around the world.

And these labs collect specimens from hundreds of countries.

So hundreds and hundreds of countries

do surveillance to figure out what type of flu

is affecting their particular population.

And they will send this information over

to these five regional labs.

And I'm just going to quickly draw out

for you where the regional labs are.

There's one over here in the US.

There's also one down here in China.

And then there's another one over here in Japan.

And a fourth one in the southern hemisphere in Australia.

And finally, there's one in the United Kingdom.

So this is the last one.

There are five in total.

The WHO will take a look at all the different strains that

have come into these five labs again from all over the world.

And they'll try to make a decision

as to what makes the most sense.

Because flu usually moves around the world

in a very predictable way.

So they can make an educated guess

as to what strains they should include in the vaccine

to protect people most effectively.

Sometimes they'll use a strain that they

used in previous years.

And sometimes they'll pick something brand new.

So let's go through the three strains

that they actually picked for the most

recent vaccine, the 2012-2013 vaccine.

I'll start with the type of virus they put in there.

And generally it's two type A's and one type B.

That's the usual formula that they use.

The WHO recommends that for the trivalent, or three strain

vaccine.

And the exact one that they choose

can be actually followed.

They usually name it in part based on location.

So they'll say, OK, the type is A.

And they'll say the location is-- in this case,

the first one actually came from California.

The second one came from Victoria, Australia.

And the final one came from Wisconsin in the United States.

So this is the location of the three strains.

In fact, if you ever see it named,

you'll see a slash between these two.

So I'll put a slash here as well.

Next, they actually have strain numbers.

So they'll give you a number and what that number refers to.

It doesn't mean a whole heck of a lot to us.

But we're going to put it in there just because that's

how they name things.

The strain number is, for the first one, 7.

This is 361.

And this is strain 1.

And then finally, they'll put the year that they actually

identified this thing.

So the year of identification.

And this first one, this type A, was actually

identified back in 2009.

Whereas the other ones are a little bit newer,

identified in 2011 and 2010.

So, that's what comes after the strain number.

And finally, the last thing, which

only applies to the first two, is that if it's a type A,

they'll actually tell you the H and N type.

So, for example, the first one, the California strain,

this one is actually a type H1N1.

And the second one is an H3N2.

And the third one, because it's a type B,

we don't really use that H and N classification.

So I'll just put a hash there, meaning nothing.

So if you ever come across these things

in some sort of formal document, at least now

you know what the heck all these numbers and words refer to.

So this is literally how they name the strains.

And just for you and I to know, this first one here,

this one is actually an old strain.

So, this is actually part of the last few vaccines.

This is not a new one that was included.

Whereas these other ones down here, these ones,

are actually new strains.

They were not part of the vaccine in previous years.

These are new additions or changes to the vaccine.

So just to remember, we always include

two type A's and one type B. And the type A's, one is a H1N1

and the other is a H3N2.

That's how we've been doing it in recent years.

Now let me bring up a little bit more canvas

because I want to talk you through exactly what happens

once the WHO decides that these are

the strains they're going to use.

And this decision was actually made back in February of 2012.

So months and months in advance they're figuring out what

strain we're going to use.

And that information then goes to the next group

of folks, which is the manufacturers.

The manufacturers are going to take this information

and they're literally going to start putting things together.

They're going to start the manufacturing process.

And one of the key parts of this process, which a lot of people

don't realize, and it's pretty mind boggling,

is that you need millions, actually

hundreds of millions of eggs.

The same kind of eggs you might eat for breakfast.

But these eggs are actually laboratory grade

and they're needed for making this process work.

And once it's made, one of the key things,

and this reassures a lot of folks, is safety.

We want to make sure that these things are safe.

And so a lot of testing goes into making sure

that all of these vaccines that they make are safe.

So once that's done and people feel comfortable that it's

a safe vaccine, we start distributing it.

So distribution is next.

And we're going to go through each of these stages

and think just a little bit about which people

are involved in all these steps.

But I just want to lay out all the steps first

so you get an appreciation for how many players there are

and how many steps are in getting a vaccine to you.

So it goes, of course, from distribution,

it goes to these clinics.

And then finally, at the end of the day there is a person.

There might be you.

This is you getting your flu shot

and you're very happy because you're now

protected from the vaccine.

And I'll draw a little shield around you,

a little protection for you, to make sure

that it's clear that you're protected-- not completely--

I'll draw a little hole in the protection--

not completely because a vaccine isn't perfect.

But it's pretty good.

And in fact, this year, in terms of how well the vaccine is

working-- not in studies, but in the real world-- in terms

of how it's doing as people are getting it--

about 62% effectiveness.

So it's actually really quite good.

In studies we always see around 60% to 70%.

And now, in real life, we're seeing a 62% effectiveness

in terms of vaccine effectiveness.

The word effectiveness just means real world data,

versus efficacy-- is what we see in studies.

That's the difference in the two words.

So let me list out some of the different folks involved

at each step of the way.

So in terms of selecting the strain,

we said that the WHO is responsible in working

with all the different countries and the public health

groups and laboratories and scientists that

are looking at all the strain data.

And then in terms of manufacturing, there

you got to think about the vaccine industry.

There are many, many big players here.

Big business is involved in terms

of churning out millions of doses of vaccine.

So here the vaccine industry is a major player.

And then, you think of all the other groups that are involved.

So I said that you have to get hundreds of millions of eggs

to make this process work.

And so of course, then you have to really work with farmers.

And if you have a year where the flu is really

hurting the birds and the chicken population

then that's going to make it really hard because there

are fewer eggs to contribute to the vaccine manufacturing.

So it's actually an interesting thought process.

Flu obviously affects chickens as well as humans.

And so if those populations start dying out,

then even humans suffer because we don't have the vaccine.

Now, then safety is huge.

So you have to think of all the different countries that

have organizations that care about safety.

And in the US the one that comes to mind

is the FDA, or the Food and Drug Administration.

So each country has its own process

of thinking about safety.

And those groups are obviously very involved

in making the vaccine as well.

Then you've got all these logistic things to think about.

I mean, if you're making hundreds of millions

of vaccines, you've got to distribute them

around the world.

You've got to think about airplanes that can actually

take your flu vaccine and move it around.

You've got to think about refrigeration.

Maybe ships if you're moving across large bodies of water.

Maybe trucks to get vaccine inland

if it's cheaper that way.

So lots of logistical issues to think about how to get vaccine

distributed.

And then finally, you've got nurses and doctors

in the clinics that have to be informed.

They need to know when to start making appointments

for their patients and how to set up

clinics to actually administer the vaccine to all the folks.

And finally we've got you.

You're at the end of this chain.

And not just you, but there are about 250 million folks just

like you getting vaccines.

So 250 million doses are actually put together.

And this is quite an effort.

You can see the countries involved.

And getting all that information to all these different groups

that have to get involved in terms

of making this even possible.

So, to me, this is actually one of the most impressive feats

out there.

And it really is a testament to what

science can do for mankind.