In this session, we'll be taking a look at advanced learner mistakes.

在這段節目中，我們將會看看進階學習者常犯錯誤。

Are you ready? Here we go!

準備好了嗎？我們開始吧！

So, sometimes in English, we use a wh- word clause as the object of a verb.

有時候在英文當中，我們會用 wh- 字詞引導的子句當作動詞的受詞。

For example, "He realized what he was doing," or, "I can't believe what you've done."

舉例而言，He realized what he was doing.（他發現他正在做什麼）或 I can't believe what you've done.（我不敢相信你做了什麼）。

Now, advanced learners generally make two mistakes here.

好了，進階學習這在這裡通常會犯兩個錯誤。

The first is that they invert the auxiliary verb and the subject, like you would do with a normal question.

首先，他們會將助動詞和主詞互換，如同在正在問句中的做法。

Let me show you.

讓我示範給你看。

"He realized what was he doing," and, "I can't believe what have you done."

He realized what was he doing.（他發現他正在做什麼呢）以及 I can't believe what have you done.（我不敢相信你做了什麼呢）。

Remember that these "whos", "whats", "wheres", "whens", and "whys" are not question words but relative pronouns, and so the clause which comes after follows the normal sentence order.

記得這裡的 who、what、where、when 以及 why 並非疑問詞，而是關係代名詞，所以引導的子句會遵循正常的語序。

Come and see.

過來看看。

So, not "He realized what was he doing," but...

所以說，並非 He realized what was he doing.（他發現他正在做什麼呢），而是⋯⋯

... "what he was doing."

⋯⋯what he was doing.（他正在做什麼）。

Not "I can't believe what have you done," but...

不是 I can't believe what have you done.（我不敢相信你做了什麼呢），而是⋯⋯

... "what you have done."

⋯⋯what you've done.（你做了什麼）。

Now, this problem is simpler with a tense that has an auxiliary and main verb form,

如果這個時態中有助動詞和主要動詞，這個問題會簡單得多，

but the second problem is that learners forget to use an affirmative verb form when talking about the present or past simple.

但第二個問題是，學習者在使用現在或過去簡單式時，會忘記使用肯定動詞形式。

For example, "I don't know where did he go last night," or, "They want to see what does he do."

舉例而言，I don't know where did he go last night.（我不知道他昨晚去了哪裡呢）或是 They want to see what does he do.（他們想要知道他是做什麼的呢）。

Now, remember, these are not questions.

記著，這些並不是問句。

When we make an affirmative sentence with the present or past simple, we only use one verb, and these clauses act the same.

當我們造現在或過去簡單式的肯定句時，我們只會使用一個動詞，而這些子句功用相同。

So, "I don't know where did he go last night," becomes "I don't know where he went last night."

所以說，I don't know where did he go last night.（我不知道他昨晚去了哪裡呢）會變成 I don't know where he went last night.（我不知道他昨晚去了哪裡）。

And "They want to see what does he do," becomes "They want to see what he does."

而 They want to see what does he do.（他們想要知道他是做什麼的呢）則變成 They want to see what he does.（他們想要知道他是做什麼的）。

Have you got it? Good!

懂了嗎？很好！

"The life is beautiful!"

The life is beautiful!（這個人生很美好！）

"What makes me sad is the poverty."

What makes me sad is the poverty.（讓我傷心的是這個貧困。）

OK, guys, this is an old one, but still a tricky one.

好了，各位，這是個老問題，但還是不好處理。

Many advanced learners still use the definite article when talking in general about a plural or uncountable noun.

許多進階學習者還是會在概括講到複數或不可數名詞時，使用定冠詞。

Remember that in English, when we are talking in general and we mean all of a thing, we don't use "the".

記得在英文當中，當我們在概括講述一件事整體時，我們不會用定冠詞 the。

"Life is beautiful!"

Life is beautiful!（人生很美好！）

"What makes me sad is poverty."

What makes me sad is poverty.（讓我傷心的是貧困。）

That doesn't mean we can't use "the".

這並不表示我們不能使用定冠詞 the。

But when we do, it means we are being specific and only referring to one thing.

但當我們使用它時，這表示我們用了限定用法且只指涉一件事。

For example, "I'm reading about the life of Michael Jackson."

舉例而言，I'm reading about the life of Michael Jackson.（我正在閱讀關於 Michael Jackson 一生的書籍）。

Having said that, if you want to generalize about a singular, countable noun, then using "the" as the definite article is the correct thing to do.

話雖如此，如果你想要概括地討論單數、可數名詞，那使用定冠詞 the 就會是正確的做法。

Life would be much less interesting without the tiger.

人生如果沒有那隻老虎（the tiger），就會變得較不有趣。

Or tigers, general.

或是 tigers（所有老虎），概括。

The car is probably the most important invention in mankind's history.

這部車（the car）大概是人類歷史是最重要的發明。

Or cars, general.

或是 cars（所有車輛），概括。

Have you got it? Good!

懂了嗎？很好！