Name: 弗朗斯-德-瓦爾：動物的道德行為 (字幕 27種語言) (Frans de Waal: Moral behavior in animals / Moreel gedrag bij dieren (subtitles 27 languages))
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T05:00:03.000Z
Duration: 16 min 53 s

基礎被動語態

我出生在荷蘭的希罗尼穆斯·波希

反身代名詞

where the painter Hieronymus Bosch named himself after.

畫家希罗尼穆斯·波希的姓 波希 指的就是這個地方

程度副詞

And so I've always been very fond of this painter

who lived and worked in the 15th century.

And what is interesting about him in relation to morality

is that he lived at a time where religion's influence was waning,

他正好生在一個宗教影響力日漸衰弱的時代

if there was no religion or if there was less religion.

要是沒有宗教，或者宗教響力不足的話

And so he painted this famous painting, "The Garden of Earthly Delights,"

所以他畫了一幅非常著名的畫，叫"樂園"

阿當和夏娃被逐出伊甸園之前的人性

or being humanity without any Fall at all.

或者是如果他們從未被逐出伊甸園的人性

what would happen if we hadn't tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak,

如果人類沒有嚐禁果  那分辨是非的果實的話

那是在荷蘭阿納姆的一個動物園

This is me at an early age with a baby chimpanzee.

照片中的是年輕時候的我和小黑猩猩

that the chimpanzees are very power hungry and wrote a book about it.

黑猩猩非常渴望權力 針對這點 我寫了一本書

And at that time the focus in a lot of animal research

I painted a whole picture of the animal kingdom,

因為說到底 我們也都在互相競爭

we're all out for our own profit basically.

基本上我們都在爭取自己的利益

I'm not sure how well the chimpanzees read it,

but they surely seemed interested in the book.

不過 看起來他們對這本書非常感興趣

of doing all this work on power and dominance

I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fights.

And so what you see here is two males who have had a fight.

現在你看到的是兩隻剛打完架的公黑猩猩

They ended up in a tree, and one of them holds out a hand to the other.

And about a second after I took the picture, they came together in the fork of the tree

在我拍完這張照片的下一秒鐘 它們一起來到樹枝上

because at the time everything was about competition and aggression,

The only thing that matters is that you win or that you lose.

But why would you reconcile after a fight?

This is the way bonobos do it. Bonobos do everything with sex.

這是倭黑猩猩處理的方式 它們每件事都可以扯上性

So my whole picture of the animal kingdom,

in political science, economics, the humanities,

從政治科學、經濟學、人文科學

And so deep down our nature's actually nasty.

I think it's a very unfair image for the wolf.

我想這樣形容其實對狼是很不公平

And that's why many of you have a dog at home,

所以才會有那麼多人在家裏養狗

which has all these characteristics also.

其實這對人性也是個不公平的描述

because humanity is actually much more cooperative and empathic

因為人性包含更多的是合作性和同理心

So I started getting interested in those issues

所以我開始對這些問題產生興趣

If you ask anyone, "What is morality based on?"

如果你問，道德是基於什麼東西?

these are the two factors that always come out.

and associated with it is a sense of justice and a sense of fairness.

And the other one is empathy and compassion.

but if you would remove these two pillars,

there would be not much remaining I think.

我想其它也沒剩下太多其它的了

This is a very old video from the Yerkes Primate Center

這是 耶克斯靈長類動物中心在很久以前拍的影片

where they train chimpanzees to cooperate.

So this is already about a hundred years ago

that we were doing experiments on cooperation.

人們就已經在做關於合作的實驗

What you have here is two young chimpanzees who have a box,

你可以看到這兩隻年輕的黑猩猩 它們有個箱子

and the box is too heavy for one chimp to pull in.

這箱子的重量 光靠其中一隻黑猩猩是拉不動的

Otherwise they wouldn't be pulling so hard.

And you can see that they're synchronized.

You can see that they work together, they pull at the same moment.

你可以看到它們同時使力 一起拉動箱子

It's already a big advance over many other animals

這相對於其它動物 已經是一個很大的優勢了

And now you're going to get a more interesting picture,

接下來你會看到一個更有趣的畫面

because now one of the two chimps has been fed.

現在把兩隻黑猩猩中的其中一隻餵飽

So one of the two is not really interested

字幕列表影片播放

弗朗斯-德-瓦爾：動物的道德行為 (字幕 27種語言) (Frans de Waal: Moral behavior in animals / Moreel gedrag bij dieren (subtitles 27 languages))

experiment

task

empathy

social