So I grow food in the city of Montréal,

我在蒙特婁市區裡種植食物

on the roofs of buildings, believe it or not.

不管你相不相信，我種在屋頂上

And it's something that I'm very, very proud of.

對此，我感到非常驕傲

It's something that puts a smile on my face every morning.

這件事使我每天早上充滿笑容

And a while back, I was talking to my aunt in Lebanon,

不久之前，我告訴我住在黎巴嫩的阿姨

where I'm originally from, I grew up in Lebanon,

那裡是我的家鄉，我在黎巴嫩長大

in a small village that's actually self-sustaining.

在一個自給自足的小村莊

It's a village that grows its own food,

村莊裡的人自己種植食物

which is hard to find these days.

現在很難找到這樣的村莊

So if a butcher didn't cut a cow that day,

如果屠夫今天沒殺牛

we ate vegetables.

我們就吃蔬菜

So there I was talking to my aunt,

所以我告訴了我的阿姨

and I was so excited, and I was telling her

我非常興奮並且跟她說

how awesome my work is and how we're building green houses,

我的工作有多棒 我們如何建造溫室

and feeding people right in the heart of the city.

供給食物給人們，就在市中心裡

And she looks at me and says,

她看著我然後說：

"Sweetie, we've been doing this all of our lives.

「親愛的，我們這輩子都這麼做啊。」

There's nothing new here."

「那在這不是什麼新鮮事。」

And that got me thinking, it's absolutely true.

我思考著阿姨的話，這的確是事實

Nothing about urban agriculture is really revolutionary.

城市農業並非創新

It's simply a recreation of something that's very, very old.

只是將舊有的方式改造

So then why am I here talking to you today about urban agriculture?

那為何我今天 還要在這和大家談城市農業？

Why is it an important topic?

為什麼這是很重要的主題呢？

Well, because we're not eating what my aunt eats.

因為我們吃的食物不像我阿姨吃的

We're not eating what I used to eat when I grew up, back in Lebanon.

當我長大回到黎巴嫩 我們吃的食物不像我以前吃的

What we eat today, because we live in cities, comes from very far away.

我們現在吃的食物，都來自很遠的地方 因為我們住在城市裡

Our food has travelled an average of 1,500 miles to make it to our plate.

食物歷經1500哩的旅程 才抵達我們的盤裡

And food travels as good as a 2-year old child on a plane.

食物運送 有如兩歲小孩坐飛機

Food travels really, really bad.

食物運送是件非常、非常不好的事

In fact food is packed, re-packed,

實際上，食物被包裝，再包裝

refrigerated, sold, and resold many times over.

冷藏、銷售，然後再多次轉售

And by the time it makes it to the consumer,

當食物到消費者手裡時

it's lost its nutrients, it's lost its taste, texture and smells.

它已經失去營養、味道、口感和香味

And actually, the really interesting number is --

事實上，有趣的數據顯示

we're talking a lot about reducing waste --

當我們討論減少資源浪費

is that when a farmer in an industrial farm

工業化農場裡的農夫

is looking at a tomato plant,

正在檢查番茄

half of these tomatoes will never make it to the consumer because of this.

一半的番茄都不會到消費者手裡 因為這個原因

And the cultivars, and the varieties that are chosen,

品種和種類都經過篩選

in terms of industrial farming, are cultivars and varieties

就工業化農業來說 品種和種類的篩選

that are chosen for their toughness, and transportability and not their taste.

是依番茄結實度和可運輸性 而不是它們的味道

There used to be a time where you could choose

過去你可以從 500 種番茄

from 500 different tomatoes to grow in a green house,

選擇你要的種植在溫室裡

and now what we're eating is a collection of only 12,

然而現在我們吃到的番茄只有 12 種

roughly 12 cultivars of tomatoes, that are all tough,

這 12 種番茄，它們都很結實

that will yield very well, that are hard as rocks,

產量非常好 而且跟石頭一樣硬

but don't necessarily have the same taste.

但不需要有同樣的味道

And when you look at industrial farming,

當你仔細觀察工業化農業

the process of industrial farming is far from optimal.

會發現工業化農業的過程 並不理想

Industrial farms today are massive consumers of land,

現今的工業農業 消耗大量的土地

of water, of energy, of resources,

水、能源和資源

and what's been really striking for me,

打擊我很大的是

during my research in hydroponics,

當我在研究水耕法時

is that they're very illusive.

工業化農業是非常虛幻的

I spent a good amount of time simply trying to find farms,

我花非常多的時間 只是為了找農場

I actually couldn't find farms, and I ended up concluding,

但我卻找不到農場 最後我推論出

that farms are big black boxes.

農場是巨大的黑盒子

Not only can we not find them,

我們不只很難找到農場

it's actually very hard to even go inside of a farm.

事實上，我們更難進去農場裡

The secret process of growing food, it's illusive.

種植食物的秘密過程很虛幻

Five years ago, I said to myself,

五年前，我告訴我自己

What if you could change the way we grow food?

要是你能改變種植食物的方式呢？

What if you can grow food in a more responsible way?

要是你能以更可靠的方式 種植食物呢？

And what if you can create a direct link with the consumer,

要是你能建立與消費者的連結

go straight to the consumer?

直接接觸消費者呢？

Bypass the entire network, forget about the distribution network,

省略整個運送系統，跳過經銷商

forget about the wholesalers, retailers and truckers,

跳過批發商、零售商和貨運公司

and go straight to the consumer?

然後直接接觸消費者呢？

And it started off as a bit of a dream.

這一切就從小小的夢想開始

I have a lot of dreams and

我有一大堆夢想

very few of them actually become projects,

卻只有少數幾個變成計畫

but this dream stuck.

這個夢想難以實行

And with a group of engineers, and architects,

直到有一群工程師和建築師投入

I like to call them superheros,

我稱他們為超級英雄

5 years ago we started working.

五年前我們開始動工

And we started working on a new form of agriculture,

我們開始致力於新的農業型態

what we like to call "Agriculture 2.0".

我們叫它「農業2.0版」

So we started off by asking ourselves,

第一步我們先問自己

If we want to grow food,

如果我們想種植食物

how can we grow it in a more responsible way?

如何以更可靠的方式種植？

We knew there were a lot of challenges in the food production process,

在食物生產過程中 我們知道會面臨許多挑戰

and we knew that we had to change the way we grew food.

而且我們必須改變種植方式

So we defined responsible agricultures in four different ways.

用四個條件定義「責任農業」

First of all, using no new land.

第一，不使用新土地

I think that the previous presenter did a great job at explaining

我想前位講者很詳細說明

the challenges we have today as we go from 7-billion

我們將面臨的問題： 人口從 70 億

to 9-billion and with less land.

增加至 90 億，而土地會減少

So the good news, it turns out that rooftop spaces

好消息是，屋頂將會是

are absolutely fantastic for growing food.

種植食物的絕佳空間

Someone might look at a roof and think of it as the underwear of a building

有人可能會看著屋頂 覺得它是建築物的內衣

it's an ignored space, it's a heat island,

屋頂是被忽略的空間 它會蓄熱

it needs maintenance,

它需要維護

they have to be cleaned every now and then

必須定時清理

but no one likes roofs, they're the underwear.

但沒人喜歡屋頂 因為它們只是內衣

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But it turns out that underwear is an incredibly fertile space.

但這內衣卻是非常肥沃的地方

In this specific building, that you see behind me here,

在我身後這棟特殊的建築物

we receive over half a million dollars in free energy every single year.

每年我們收集到 超過五十萬美元的自由能源

Simply from the sun.

這只是來自太陽

Not to mention that we receive

更別說我們

half of our heating energy from the building below.

從建築物得到一半的熱能

What's great about being in the city,

更棒的是在城市裡

is the carbon dioxide levels are higher,

二氧化碳濃度增加

something else that plants need.

這剛好是植物需要的

So responsible agriculture is starting off by using no land,

責任農業提倡不使用新的土地

and using water, a scarce resource, in a more responsible way.

和有責任感地使用珍貴的水資源

So harvesting rainwater, and more importantly,

所以我們收集雨水 更重要的是

recirculating nutrient rich water,

再循環富含營養的水

and again, I think the previous presenter explained

同樣地，前位講者解釋過

the importance and the link between blue algae

藍藻與含磷的水

and phosphorous rich water leaching into lakes and rivers.

流入湖或河流的嚴重和關係

So by having a closed loop system,

在這封閉系統內

not only are we growing in a more responsible way,

我們不只以可靠的方式種植

but we're actually saving a lot of money.

我們還能省下不少錢

Responsible agriculture means using no synthetic pesticides,

責任農業意味著 不使用合成農藥

herbicides, and fungicides.

除草劑、以及殺菌劑

And you can actually do this

你真的能夠做到

because we've been doing it for many years prior to the green revolution.

因為早在綠色革命之前 我們已經實行多年

It works really well.

成效很好

And it's simply by using biocontrols, insects.

我們使用生物防治法和昆蟲

So we have good insects in the green house, like ladybugs,

我們在溫室放入益蟲 像是瓢蟲

that actually attack bad insects, such as aphids or white flies.

牠們就會攻擊害蟲 例如蚜蟲或粉蝨

And every now and then, we see them having sex.

有時候，會看到牠們在交配

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

They love the conditions in the green house for some reason.

由於某些原因，牠們喜歡溫室

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

And finally, responsible agriculture means growing good food.

最後，責任農業指的是 種植優良的食物

Selecting cultivars and varieties for their taste,

選擇品種及種類，取決於食物的味道

for their nutrition, for their smell and texture.

營養、香味和口感為主

Heirloom tomatoes, purple basil,

傳家寶番茄、紫羅勒

white cucumbers, wild persian grasses.

白瓜、野生波斯草

The possibilities are limitless.

有無限的可能

What we can grow in a green house,

我們溫室裡種的

what we can feed you guys, is unbelievable,

能填飽你們肚子的 是大家意想不到的食物

but what we find in the grocery store

但我們在雜貨店看到的

is only the subset that will transport very, very well.

卻只是經過層層運送的商品

So after defining responsible agriculture, in September 2010,

2010 年九月，定義「責任農業」後

we started working.

我們開始動工

I'm going to walk you through a few slides

我將帶大家瀏覽幾張照片

that show you the process of construction.

看看建造的過程

What you don't see in here is the 4 years of technology development

這片空地是我們 技術發展四年的地方

that went prior to construction.

在建造之前的樣子

We had to develop our own patent pending,

我們發展出特有的水循環系統

water circulation systems.

正在申請專利

Polycultures growing systems that allow us to grow

混合種植農業 使我們能夠

multicrops in the same green house,

在溫室裡種植不同作物

still achieving the same yields as a monoculture grower.

產量和單一種植時一樣好

We developed water circulation techniques,

我們開發水循環技術

and microclimate management software.

和微氣候管理軟體

So our entire green houses are managed by a piece of software.

整個溫室都靠軟體監控

But real quick, I'll walk you through a typical construction.

很快地 我們看看這棟特殊的建築

We take an existing roof, we keep the existing membrane,

我們利用現有的屋頂 保留現有的膜結構

we erect a structure, made out of galvanized steel,

我們搭起的結構 都是由鍍鋅鋼材

aluminum, and glass, and this process goes quite fast.

鋁和玻璃製成 整個過程非常快速

Believe it or not, we got this structure up in less than 3 weeks,

信不信由你 我們花不到三週就完成了

and you can see, we used some cranes to bring the material up to the roof,

你可以看到 我們利用吊車將材料運到屋頂

and in this case it was a 2-story building.

這是棟兩層樓的建築

And this is a picture --

這張照片

It shows a bit the inside of the green house,

是溫室內部一小角

just prior to planting,

於種植前拍攝

and you can actually see our energy curtains,

你可以看到我們的能源棚

another feature that helps save energy.

能儲存能源 是我們另項特點

We deploy that during the nighttime,

晚上我們會展開棚子

and it envelops the green house, the plants.

它能罩住溫室裡的植物

And the temperature above our energy curtain

能源棚外的溫度

could be -10ºC, whereas below the energy curtain,

可能在零下 10 度 但在棚內

is a 22º - 23º C climate.

溫度是 22 到 23 度

After the construction process, and on February 28, 2011,

建造完成後 2011 年 2 月 28 日

we planted the first seeds, of the first plants,

我們在全世界第一座 商業屋頂溫室

in the world's first commercial rooftop greenhouse.

種下第一批作物的種子

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

And it's something that we're very proud of,

有件我們引以為傲的事

I remember the team really celebrated that day,

我記得當天團隊歡欣慶祝

and we popped a lot of Champaign bottles,

我們開了許多瓶香檳

and they were not local. (Laughter)

不是本地產的 (笑聲)

They were the good kind. (Laughter)

是優良產品 (笑聲)

And just 2 months after that very first day,

大概兩個月後

my niece, Maya, at 8-months old,

我八歲大的姪女瑪雅

had her first solid food, and it was one of our tomatoes,

吃了人生第一個固體食物 是我們種的番茄

a cherry tomato grown in Montréal, and she loves our tomatoes

在蒙特婁市種出來的櫻桃番茄 她很愛我們的番茄

and this is something that brings me the most joy,

這帶給我很大的快樂

seeing kids going through vegetables like they're candy.

看孩子把蔬果當糖果吃

And today, almost a year later, we feed 2,000 people

將近一年後的今天 我們的蔬菜

with vegetables that are harvested on the exact same day,

養活 2000 人 大家吃的都是當天採收的作物

that have never seen the inside of a fridge.

不用再從冰箱拿出來了

Vegetables harvested in the heart of the city, on a rooftop,

在市中心屋頂上收成蔬果

using half the energy to heat the building,

只需一半的能源加熱建築

and a fraction of the water and nutrients.

以及少量的水和營養

And because of the direct link with our consumers,

為建立與顧客的直接連結

we distribute our food to drop points,

我們分配食物至據點

and drop points are universities, coffee shops all over the island.

據點遍及全島，有大學和咖啡店

But the process is so efficient,

運送過程效率很高

that we only need 15 dollars in fuel per day,

每天我們的燃料費只需要 15 美金

to feed 2,000 people.

就能養活 2000 個人

(Applause)

(鼓掌)

And what's been actually a huge surprise to us,

讓我們更驚喜的是

is seeing how this little farm in Montréal was able to connect the community.

看到蒙特婁市的小農場 能和社區結合

Early on, when we started construction, people would stop by,

早期，當我們在蓋的時候 人們會停下來

and would ask us if they could visit.

問我們能不能參觀農場

We had requests from universities, from schools,

有大學、學校

from synagogues, from churches all wanting to visit a farm.

猶太教堂、教會的人 都想參觀農場

And it was really great to see how --

非常高興能夠看到...

To date we've had over 10,000 visitors to the greenhouse.

迄今 有一萬人參觀過溫室

10,000 people that now understand where food comes from.

現在，這一萬人 知道食物是從哪來的了

10,000 people that have met a farmer.

這一萬人也見到了農夫

Kids that have seen how a tomato plant grows,

孩子看到番茄如何生長

how a cucumber should taste like,

嘗到黃瓜該有的味道

and that's something that's been a big surprise to us,

對我們而言更大的驚喜是

but it's been a very --

是非常....

I'm ecstatic to see that.

我感到欣喜若狂

And another great moment for me is walking into one of our drop points,

另一個重要的時刻是 當我走進據點時

between the hours of 3 and 6 pm,

在下午 3 點至 6 點之間

and seeing 30 - 40 customers rushing to grab their vegetable baskets,

看到 30 到 40 個客人 跑去拿他們的菜籃

but taking the time to exchange recipes,

然後不慌不忙地交換食譜

phone numbers, veggies and to truly connect.

電話號碼、蔬菜和聊天交流

So I'm going to leave you with a few images.

現在讓各位看幾張圖片

I think everybody likes images.

我想大家都喜歡圖片

Believe it or not, the first is actually a picture of the land

不管你信不信，這張土地的照片

that used to exist where we have built our greenhouse, 40-years ago.

是我們溫室所在地 40 年前的樣子

So 40-years ago, prior to the construction of the industrial building,

40 年前 在有工業建築物之前

there used to be a farm, and a farmer used to work here, feeding people.

這裡曾經是農場 有農夫耕作，供應大家食物

For 37 years, that spot was replaced by an industrial building,

37 年後 這裡變成工業建築物

that contributed to heat islands, and displaced the farmer.

不但增加熱島效應 也取代了農場

The good news is, this spot is once again,

好消息是 這裡又再一次

a fertile plot of land.

變成肥沃的綠地

Employing many, and feeding many, many more,

雇用更多的人 也養活更多更多的人

and helping make our world a better place.

幫助世界變得更好

So imagine cities

想像城市

that feed their own inhabitants.