If our bonding is strong and we are securely attached, then we feel safe to explore the world.

如果我們的關係牢固，擁有安全的依附關係，那我們就有足夠的安全感去探索世界。

We know that there is always that safe base, which we can return to anytime.

我們會知道永遠有一個安全的地方，讓我們可以隨時返回。

If our bond is weak, we feel insecurely attached.

如果我們的關係薄弱，我們會感受到不安全的依附。

We are afraid to leave or explore a rather scary-looking world because we are not sure if we can return.

我們害怕離開或探索看似可怕的世界，因為我們不確定能不能再回來。

People who are securely attached are said to have greater trust, can connect to others, and, as a result, are more successful in life.

安全型依附的人據說較有信任感、可以與他人建立關係，因此在生活中更成功。

Insecurely attached people tend to mistrust others, lack social skills, and have problems forming relationships.

不安全型依附的人往往缺乏信任感、社交技巧，有建立關係的障礙。

There is one type of secure attachment, and there are three types of insecure attachments:

安全型依附只有一種類型，而不安全型依附可分為三種類型：

Anxious/ambivalent, anxious/avoidant, and anxious/disorganized.

焦慮/矛盾的、焦慮/迴避和焦慮/混亂。

In responses to distress, the first three react organized, while the last acts disorganized.

遇到麻煩時，前三者的反應行為較有條理，而後者的行為是混亂的。

To understand the theory better, let's look at Mr. and Mrs. Smith, who have four children, Luka, Ann, Joe, and Amy.

為了更了解這個理論，我們以史密斯夫婦以及他們的四個孩子，盧卡、安、喬和艾米為例。

The Smiths are lovely parents who cuddle, make frequent eye contact, speak warmly, and are always there for their kids.

史密斯夫婦是很棒的父母，常常擁抱孩子、凝視孩子、說話溫柔，並永遠為孩子著想。

But one day Mr Smith falls very sick and dies.

但是有一天，史密斯先生病倒後死了。

For Mrs Smith, life now becomes very difficult.

對史密斯夫人而言，生活變得非常困難。

She spends all day working, while at the same time trying to care for her children—an impossible task.

她整天都得工作，同時還試著要照顧孩子，這是不可能的任務。

At six years of age, Luka's brain is, for the most part, developed, his character strong and his worldview shaped.

盧卡在六歲這個年齡，他的大腦已經大致發育成熟，他的性格鮮明，世界觀也已形成。

The new situation does not affect him much.

所以新的狀態對他影響不大。

He knows there is still always mum, his safe haven.

他知道媽媽永遠都在，是他的避風港。

He feels securely attached.

他很有安全感。

Later, he turns into a trusting and optimistic young man.

後來他變成一個信任他人、樂觀的年輕人。

His self image is positive.

他的自我形像是正面的。

Ann, who is three, has problems coping with the new lack of attention.

3歲的安，不能適應現狀這種全新的、缺乏關注的情況。

To Ann, her mother now acts unpredictably.

對於安來說，現在她媽媽的行為古怪難測？

She is anxious about their relationship, and, as a result, becomes clingy.

她對他們的關係感到焦慮，因此變得很黏媽媽。

To get her mum's attention, she has to raise her emotional state and scream.

為了引起媽媽的注意，她必須放大她的情緒並尖叫。

When her mum finally reacts with a predictable response, she herself acts ambivalent and doesn't show her true feelings.

當媽媽終於做出可預測的反應時，她卻矛盾地沒有表現出她的真實感受。

Later in life, others think Ann is unpredictable or moody.

後來，其他人認為安捉摸不定、喜怒無常。

Her self image is less positive.

她的自我形像沒有那麼正面。

Her attachment style is anxious/ambivalent.

她屬於焦慮矛盾依附。

Two-year-old Joe, spends his days with his uncle who loves him but thinks that a good education means being strict.

兩歲的喬，常和叔叔在一起，叔叔愛他，但認為嚴格管教才是良好的教育。

If little Joe shows too much emotion or is too loud, his uncle gets angry and sometimes punitive.

如果喬表現出太多情緒或太大聲，叔叔會生氣，有時候也會懲罰喬。

This scares Joe.

這讓喬很害怕。

He learns that, to avoid fear, he has to avoid showing his feelings—also in other situations.

他學會隱藏情緒以避免恐懼 -- 在其他情況下也是如此。

As an adult, he continues this strategy and has problems entering relationships.

長大成年後，他維持一貫的作風，並難以進入一段感情。

His image of himself is rather negative.

他的自我形象較負面。

His attachment is anxious/avoidant.

他屬於焦慮迴避依附。

Amy, who is just one year old, gets sent to a nursery.

艾米，只有一歲，被送到托兒所。

The staff there is poorly trained, overworked, and often very stressed.

那裡的工作人員訓練不足、工作過度，經常壓力很大。

Some are outright abusive.

有些還會直接惡言相向。

Amy, therefore, becomes anxious of the very people she seeks security from,

因此艾米對她尋求安全感的人感到焦慮不安。

a conflict which totally disorganizes her ideas about love and safety.

這種矛盾徹底打亂了她對愛和安全感的看法。

As she is experiencing fear without resolution, she tries to avoid all social situations.

因為她經歷無法解決的恐懼，她試圖避免所有社交場合。

As an adult, she thinks of herself as unworthy of love.

長大成人後，她認為自己不值得愛。

Her self image is very negative.

她的自我形象非常負面。

Her attachment is anxious/disorganized.

她屬於焦慮混亂依附。

Our attachment is formed in the very first years of our lives, a time when we are too young to communicate our anxiety, and, as a result, can experience high levels of stress.

我們的依附型態是在生命最初幾年形成的，那時我們還太小，不會表達自己的焦慮，因此可能承受高度壓力。

Then, our adrenal gland, an organ sitting on top of our kidneys, produces the stress hormones, adrenaline and cortisol.

然後我們的腎上腺，也就是在我們腎臟上方的器官，產生壓力荷爾蒙腎上腺素和皮質醇。

The heart rate increases, the blood pressure goes up, and we become alert.

這使心跳加快，血壓上升，讓我們變得警覺。

If that happens frequently, it is called "toxic stress".

如果這種情況經常發生，則稱為「毒性壓力」。

Toxic, because it impairs the development of a child's brain and weakens the immune system.

毒性，是因為它會損害孩子大腦的發展，並削弱免疫系統。

In embryos or at a very young age, toxic stress can even switch the expressions of genes, which can affect our health many decades later.

在胚胎中或在很小的時候，毒性壓力甚至可以改變基因表達，並可能在幾十年後影響我們的健康。

By simulating a Strange Situation, we can assess an attachment style, already by the age of 1.

透過著名的"陌生人實驗"，我們就可以在一歲以前評估他們的依附風格。

To do this, we let the child play with their mothers for a few minutes inside a room.

要做到這一點，我們讓孩子玩，同時他們的 媽媽在一個房間待了幾分鐘。

Then the child is left alone.

然後孩子獨自一人。

The key moment is the child's reaction when her mother returns.

關鍵時刻是她媽媽回來時，孩子的反應 。

Securely attached children first usually hug their mother...

安全依附的孩子通常會擁抱 他們的母親，

Then can calm down and eventually get back to playing.

然後可以安靜下來，最後又回去遊戲。

Insecurely attached children can be ambivalent and avoidant.

不安全依附的孩子中的 焦慮矛盾和焦慮迴避。

Some can't stop crying or refuse to continue playing.

則較不能停止哭泣或拒絕繼續玩耍。

The long term effects of our attachment in the early years, are well documented.

我們在早年的依附關係的長期影響，已有詳細記載。

Using the theory, researchers at Minnesota University were able to predict already at age 3, if a child would dropout of high school with 77 percent accuracy.

利用該理論，明尼蘇達大學的研究人員已經能夠在3歲時做出預測，是否一個孩子會在高中輟學，準確率為77％。

In another study, undergraduates at Harvard were asked to assess how close they felt to their parents.

在另一項研究中，哈佛大學的本科生被要求評估他們與父母的接近程度。

35 years later, they were ask about their health.

35年後，他們被問及他們的健康狀況。

91% of those who said they had a rather broken relationship with their mother, were also diagnosed with health issues, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and alcoholism.

91％的人表示他們與母親的關係相當破碎 ，也被診斷出有健康問題，包括冠狀動脈疾病，高血壓和酗酒。

For those that had reported a warm relationship, the figure of poor health diagnosis was just 45%.

對於那些報告了有溫暖關係的人，健康不良診斷的數字僅為45％。

But there is another reason why the early years deserve special attention.

但還有另一個原因 為什麼早年值得特別關注。

They are the starting place for subsequent behaviors.

他們是後續行為的起點。

A kid that feels securely attached at age 2, can make friends at kindergarten.

一個在 2 歲時感覺安全的孩子，

Their worldview gets reinforced with every interaction and they develop optimism.

每次互動都會加強他們的世界觀，並發展他們的樂觀。

As a result they make good relationships at school, then at college, and later at work.

結果他們在學校建立了良好的關係，然後也能延續這樣的模式，和同學互動，以及在未來工作中。

Highly insecurely attached children can miss out on this opportunity.

高沒安全感又依附著父母的兒童們就錯過了這個機會。

Psychologist John Bowlby, a pioneer in attachment theory, allegedly said...

據稱，依附理論先驅心理學家 John Bowlby說：

"What cannot be communicated to the mother, cannot be communicated to the self.".

「無法傳達給母親的，也無法傳達給自己。」

In other words: those who feel insecurely attached, might not quite understand themselves.

換句話說：那些感到沒安全感的人，可能不太了解自己。

To get to know who they are and what they feel, they might have to go way back in time.

要了解他們是誰以及他們的感受，可能不得不探索早年的因素。