Name: 3個屬性決定了你的成績（以及如何改變每一個屬性 (3 Attributes Determine Your Grades (& How to Change Each))
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If you've ever wondered how certain students crush every course and get straight A's then today is your lucky day.

情態副詞

We'll explore the three intellectual attributes that dictate your school performance and how you can optimize each one independently.

Dr. Jubbal, medschoolinsiders.com. To perform well in school you have to put in the work.

Assuming you are applying yourself and are using intelligence study strategies,

there are three intellectual attributes that dictate your overall academic performance.

These three domains are: memorization, critical thinking and test taking and they are all interconnected.

Top level performance requires maximizing all three.

The bad news is that every person's competence in each domain can vary significantly.

The good news is that you can improve in any one of them with deliberate practice.

But first you must objectively assess your strengths and weaknesses and that's something only you can do.

After several years in school, studying with others and reflecting on your own academic performance,

you should have a good idea of your relative strengths and weaknesses.

For me: natural memorization is my Achilles' heel.

Therefore, deliberate practice in this domain has yielded the biggest returns

and improvements in my academic performance.

On the other hand, my critical thinking and test-taking skills are better developed,

thereby not requiring as much deliberate practice.

How did I come to these conclusions for myself?

In college, conceptually challenging courses

and professors known for writing difficult tests were relatively easier for me.

I was fortunate to set the curve in the majority

of my upper division neuroscience, courses, bio-chemistry, biology and

several others that relied on either complex thinking or long-form essay responses.

the supposed easy courses like introduction to psychology,

were heavy on memorizing facts and it took much more

Now that you've assessed your relative strengths and weaknesses,

let's determine how to systematically improve each one.

If you don't have naturally gifted memory, fear not,

I don't either. This is the easiest deficiency to make up for out of the three key attributes.

and you can too by following these principles.

The first foundational principle to effective memorization

is that you first must understand the information before you attempt committing it to memory.

Memorizing without the layer of understanding,

will yield weaker connections and a shaky foundation

that is more likely to crumble as you are required to memorize

additional overlapping facts that may cause confusion.

To solidify your comprehension, visit your professor during office hours,

practice the Feynman technique with your friends,

or seek additional online resources to address holes in your understanding.

don't fall for the hype that by simply understanding you'll never have to memorize another fact again.

No matter how deeply you understand the concept of breast ptosis causes,

physiology and occurrence in the context of plastic surgery.

You still have to memorize how each level is classified.

There are three main memorization techniques you should be using,

mnemonics and flashcards, utilizing active recall with spaced repetition.

It isn't enough to simply know the tools you should be using but also how to use them.

I covered the nuances and the common pitfalls

you should avoid in my recent guide to medical school memorization video (link in the description).

Critical thinking can be categorized as subject specific or general.

The former of which is usually more relevant to performing well on exams.

Luckily, this is also the type that is easier to measure,

easier to improve and has been the focus of the scientific literature on learning.

Higher-order questions are the difficult and complex question types that require students to apply,

analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information rather than simply recalling facts

There are four main components of critical thinking each of which can be demonstrated with its respective question type.

Application questions require students to transfer knowledge learned in one context to another.

Analysis questions require separation of a concept and two component parts.

Synthesis questions require the use of old ideas to create new ones using information from multiple sources. And lastly,

evaluation questions required judgment about the value of arguments.

Effective critical thinking requires clarity of thought.

It's not simply a matter of having facts memorized, but also

understanding the interplay and relationship between facts and how they would be relevant or altered in various scenarios.

Think of this deeper understanding as your mental scaffolding in a subject area

whereby you fill in the scaffolding with details through memorization. Not all subjects will test critical thinking equally.

Neuroscience, biochemistry, bio engineering, and mathematics will be much heavier than, say, biology or psychology.

You'll find that courses with a high degree of essay based exam questions tend to be more critical thinking heavy.

To improve critical thinking, active learning is key and the process should feel difficult,

especially at the beginning. It's a higher order skill that builds upon lower-level skills,

and it's not something that will be touched on by passively reading your notes. In terms of the scientific evidence on

improving your critical thinking, the literature suggests there are four main strategies

you should employ. First, self reflection techniques. Austin and colleagues in 2008 found that structured reflection and self-assessment

improved test performance and critical thinking in a group of pharmacy students. The self assessment and reflection was

conducted real-time in the middle of test taking.

explicit self-reflection techniques after the fact, such as asking students to judge their performance on a recent assignment, can increase their ability to

understand where they need to improve and develop moving forward. Both answering and generating higher-order

thinking questions have been demonstrated to improve critical reasoning.

There are two ways to approach this first you should seek out practice problems that are specifically high-quality. More on that shortly.

Second, you can generate higher-order thinking questions

most effectively through making your own synthesis questions after attending lecture.

These questions should force you to exercise higher-order thinking.

One of my favorite methods is to change a variable or assumption and then think what

downstream effects and changes would you expect? I've outlined how to create these questions in further detail in my recent note-taking video.

Number three: Spaced repetition. Kapler et. al. in 2015 found that when reviewing lecture material in a space repetition manner, versus cramming,

students performed better not only in factual recall, but also higher-order thinking questions.

We've known cramming is suboptimal for factual memorization, and now we also know it's bad for critical thinking and performance on higher-order level questions. Number four: Retrieval Practice

Agarwal and 2019 found that quizzing factual information only improved factual knowledge,

but not critical thinking. Retrieval practice only improves critical thinking when higher-order questions are

incorporate, therefore including higher-order thinking questions into your Anki flashcards or practice problems is advised.

No matter how well you understand the information and have it memorized,

you won't score well in class or on the MCAT unless you have adequate test taking skills.

The most straightforward way to improve your test-taking skills would be to simply take more tests in the form of practice tests or practice questions.