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Ladies, gentlemen and Friends Beyond the Binary Welcome to what is, without a doubt, the most recent sideshow quiz show we've ever filmed.

I'm your host, Michael Aronda.

Today we have Jo Hanson from Hot Mess, the coolest climate show on YouTube, about how climate change affects us all.

You may also know him from another project.

It's okay to be smart.

Welcome, Joe.

Hi.

It's I think it's good to be here so far.

It may also know him from thinking he's me or I'm him, which has been a lot of my life, probably more of my life than yours.

That's fine.

I don't normally feel short, I know, but I feel short.

I also feel okay.

Joe is facing off against Hank Green, who, you may know from such places as the Internet and this YouTube channel.

It's true our contestants will be battling for some sweet prizes, not for themselves but for two patri on patrons we've selected at random.

Joe, you're competing on behalf of Sara Fritz.

Sarah.

I'm sorry, Hank.

You are playing for Mike Scheffler.

Hello, Mike.

Each of you begin with 1000 sideshow points.

Answer Question correctly.

You'll win some number of points.

If you answer incorrectly, you'll lose some number of points.

You tend to lose less than you win, so it's kind of good to try.

Okay, that's the right trend.

Yeah, and this button is involved in something.

You have to hit the button.

And that's how you decide who's gonna answer the question.

Perfect.

And when do we answer?

Wouldn't commit buzz in as soon as we wait for all the bugs before I ask questions while he's very confident.

So whoever emerges from the last round with the most points wins their patrons.

Some slick gear.

Stephan show our contestants what they could go home with today.

Ah, welcome to the prize Own the magical corner of magical prices and magical magic.

Who?

There's a fairy, but only I can see it.

All right, let's get down to business, shall we?

Sarah and Mike, both of you're taking home some autographed cards from the final round today, but the winner is going to receive the I once I show quiz show pin and a no expenses paid 10 day trip to Hawaii.

What do you think of that person who looks suspiciously like me?

Well, if it's a no expenses paid trip, then you're basically just telling someone they should plan a trip to Hawaii, I guess which is a nice suggestion, but it's not really a prize.

And last time I checked, we were in the prize zone.

All right, if you need me again, I'll be over here.

Thanks.

I thought we had fun clone in the building today, not logic clone.

Anyway, you're getting a lovely pin and a suggestion to take a trip to Hawaii.

But if you happen to be lucky enough to lose today, you're taking home the I lost sideshow quiz show pin.

And I guess I also suggest that you take a trip to Hawaii.

Maybe you guys could both meet up on the beach and take a selfie with a turtle.

Send it to us.

Now that's magical.

That it is back to you.

Thank you, Stephan.

Now, this episode for no reason in particular, is about mimics twins and doppelgangers.

Who?

Oh, wow.

This seems totally random first round mill ident.

Ical cousins Round number one minute Cree is not too uncommon in the animal world.

For example, animals might mimic other, more poisonous animals to ward off predators.

Or they might resemble plant matter in hopes that a predator will pass them over.

This question, though, is about a bird native to the Amazon rainforest.

It's young mimic something you might not expect in order to discourage predators from seeing the nestlings as a tasty snack.

Do they resemble a toxic caterpillar?

Wow, I made a video about this.

He's a biologist.

The answer is a toxic caterpillar.

Oh, Thea Answer is a toxic caterpillar.

Predation is the main reason that baby birds who haven't left the nest yet don't make it to adulthood.

And unfortunately, this bird called the scenario.

Mourner has a relatively long nesting cycle, but it's found a way to make d'oh.

Researchers began to suspect something was up when they noticed that young scenarios Mourners are strangely brightly colored compared to the adults.

Adult birds are a dull gray, but their young are a bright orange.

Combine that with the youngs long, bristly white tip feathers, and scientists reasoned that this was likely a form of mimic re.

Maybe they were trying to blend in and resemble a moss covered fruit.

Or maybe there was more going on.

The answer started to become clear when scientists realised that the bird shared a habitat with certain toxic caterpillars, ones belonging to the family.

Mega lo pigeon t these air the same furry orange caterpillars known for their uncanny resemblance to a certain public figures.

Infamous Orin Shoot Comb over, and they're covered in nasty spines.

In a 2015 paper, researchers reported that not only does the Baby Mourner look like the Caterpillar, but when disturbed, the baby actually bobs and weaves like the caterpillar does.

They considered this convincing evidence of a bird mimicking and insect to piggyback off its toxic properties.

Is this a sideshow quiz show first?

Yeah, correct question.

Answer at all.

Question being fully have sat answered, asked I could name the blurred if you want to go home with one year, it's a sign eeriest mourner.

Oh man, I'm in trouble.

Thank you for tuning in to this show.

Everybody.

Congratulations, Joe.

We'll see you next time.

You didn't realize your epic Instead, I don't.

I'm not a part of this is going to get worse from honestly, I did not think is gonna go well for me, ever.

So question, too resembling toxic species is a really common strategy, but we can go deeper.

The Mimic octopus is one of the most talented imitators of the natural world and has been observed pretending to be a sea snake, the lionfish, a flatfish and tons of other animals.

But even this master of disguise can be beaten at its own game because researchers have caught an organism that uses this mimic for camouflage.

Oh, okay.

Was this interloper a coral, another octopus, a fish or a jellyfish?

Who I have no idea.

Just gets one the go ahead.

It's almost as if Joe understands the odds of the situation Where you sure you weren't such a first?

Uh, okay.

Why not a jellyfish?

Sounds like that is incorrect.

I'm afraid I have a higher chance of getting the answer right.

I'll say another octopus.

Thea answer is C a fish.

Discovered in 1998 off the coast of Indonesia.

The mimic octopus is known to be one of the most sophisticated mimics in the natural world, Many creatures have evolved to look like something else, but the mimic octopus can imitate a variety of other organisms.

It's an expert in what scientists call dynamic gimmickry.

However, you don't always have to be a master of disguise.

Sometimes you just have to be in the right place at the right time.

In 2011 researchers spotted a black marble jaw fish swimming alongside a mimic octopus.

It's stuck with the octopus for at least 15 minutes or so, and to the octopus didn't seem to notice or mine.

Black marble jaw fish are dark in color with later bands, which makes them look a little like the Octopus.

They're also weak swimmers.

Normally, they hide in burrows to avoid predators.

But this one seemed to have found a way to use the mimic octopus as a taxi service.

It's swim along, blending in and was safe for as long as the scientist observing it was able to watch, You know, nothing to see here.

Just another tentacle.

Researchers think the octopuses ability to imitate poisonous creatures like lionfish was enough to keep predators away from both the octopus and the jaw fish.

They also don't think this happens often, since the range of the jaw fish doesn't overlap much with that of the mimic octopus.

This was a case of opportunism rather than a fish evolved to mimic mimic octopus is, but it's impressive that it was able to play the mimics game so well.

Okay, that is the end of round one, UH, time for the next round.

This round is about twins.

When researchers need to control for the effects of genetic variation in humans, they often turn to twin studies, since identical twins have the same DNA.

One of the highest profile twin studies ever conducted was NASA's twin study, which just wrapped up.

Presumably, someone at the space agency realized that twin brothers being accepted into the astronaut corps represented a scientific goldmine.

The study focused on Scott and Mark Kelly.

Scott spent a year in space while his brother, Mark, remained here on Earth as a control the tour monitor for basically every biological characteristic scientists could manage.

But the question is, which of the following did they not report?

As part of the study, genetic changes, changes in brain structure, immune system changes or changes in eye structure.

What was the second be the 2nd 1?

I can't know what it was either, but it was definitely that one.

That is Thea Answer Is B changes in the brain structure.

Presumably, they would have loved to monitor this, but there's no f m r I machine on the space station.

This study might not have looked at brain structure, but it did look at basically everything else.

For example, it checked out astronauts telomeres.

These are caps on the ends of chromosomes that have to be maintained by cells, and they get shorter as we ate in the twin study.

Though, Scott's telomeres actually grew slightly longer during his flight, they returned to normal once he was back on the ground, and it's still not clear why this happened, but it's definitely odd.

Researchers also observed epigenetic changes in both Scott and Mark Epigenetic markers are genetic patterns that don't affect the four letter code of DNA, but can change how this cell reads and uses that information.

The changes in every genetic markers were a bit different in the latter part of Scott's flight than they were in mark over the same period of time, though once again, they returned to normal later on.

Still, this information might help researchers pinpoint which genes are most responsive to being in space.

Moving past genetics, One of the most notable differences researchers observed between the two brothers was in their immune systems.

Scott showed signs of inflammation, a sort of immunological response to stress while in flight, and even persisted six months later.

And finally, the researchers didn't look at the brother's brains directly.

They did monitor what physiological characteristics they could, including their cardiovascular systems, body weight and even the structure of their eyes.

Specifically, they saw some swelling and Scott's written as as well as other changes, and noted that the twins have some genetic risk for ophthalmic issues.

They also performed various cognitive tests that demonstrated that astronauts definitely hang onto their smarts.

Well in space, no major changes there, which is good.

Those guys need their brains of all.

You could never have an Emery mission on the space station everyday stuff.

Remember that I knew that one to face.

You start getting too cocky, got in under the wire there.

Do you feel out of my league?

But we'll see how it goes Speaking of twin studies, by some accounts, King Gustav, the third of Sweden, ordered the very first twin study during his reign in the latter part of the 18th century.

Of course he did not for the love of scientific inquiry, but because he had a vendetta against a popular beverage at the time.

What was it?

Alcohol, Hot chocolate tea or coffee?

I think it was coffee.

Hey.

Yeah, I can't stop hesitating.

Should have had more coffee.

You think it was gonna hit?

I thought it was coffee.

Ah ha ha ha.

I'm very not confident.

Sometimes this being one thing I'm getting up in your business, you're holding back.

The answer is D.

The guy really had it out for coffee.

Coffee was a relatively new craze in Europe in the 18th century, and doctors were arguing about whether it was good or bad for people.

Some things never change.

The Swedish government even attempted to ban coffee a handful of times, which went about as well as you might expect.

Still, one of the drinks biggest enemies was King Gustav in an effort to prove that coffee was horrible and dangerous and would shorten your life he offered to commute the sentences of two twin brothers on death row if they would help improve his point.

He had one drink, three pots of coffee every day for the rest of his life and the other three pots of tea.

Doctors were assigned to monitor the brothers, but no one really knows how this experiment ended.

Gustav was assassinated in 17 92 and both doctors died before their subjects.

Supposedly, though, the tea drinker died at an age of 83 and the coffee drinker outlived them all.

Now, this story may not be entirely true, and not all accounts say that the participants were even twins.

Still, we do know that Sweden eventually gave up on banning coffee and is now one of its most enthusiastic fans.

Eventually, however, researchers developed more rigorous methods for studying twins, and by around 1922 twin studies were an accepted method for studying human genetics.

Very weird.

So we've got one more question before we get to the last round.

Our next question is most people think that human twins come in two varieties.

You have identical or mono psychotic twins, which developed from a single fertilised egg that split into two embryos and fraternal or dies.

I got twins, which developed from two separate eggs and sperm pairs.