So today we're moving into the second half of the 17th century

The 30 Years War has ended with the Treaty of Westphalia and the Scientific Revolution is producing amazing new universal laws

but life is still pretty terrible for the vast majority of people. For Kings though, things were changing with the advent of absolutism

in which the king is said to have a divine right to the throne and the

Divinest divine right monarch of them all Louis XIV,

led Western Europe's most powerful Kingdom for more than 70 years

So this is a portrait of Louis XIV - the French Sun King, painted when he was 63

Louis XIV looks regal in his massive black wig and swaths of ermine

Embellished with fleurs-de-lis the symbol of the former french royal house

His high heels show off his shapely legs in white hose

demonstrating the king's

perfection. Men's legs garbed in tightly fitted stockings were a key indication of

desirability at the time and while he may not appear super masculine to us

Louis XIV was the model of powerful kingship and indeed absolute power

Louis was four years old when he started his reign in

1643 while Europe was attempting to pull itself out of the 30 Years War earlier under Louis's father Louis XIII

rebellions abounded in the hundreds across the kingdom

Because of increasingly heavy taxation to pay for the war and the famine conditions due to the relentless little ice age

It seemed almost unthinkable to ordinary people that the king would betray his subjects with

rising taxes in a time of famine. So instead they usually blamed tax collectors and local officials

not the king after Louis XIII died, his

four-year-old son was a smidge small for France ruling

So the job was taken over by his Regent, his mother, Anne of Austria

With help from her sidekick and rumored lover the Italian born Cardinal Mazarin

The first years of Anne's Regency were the last years of the 30 Years War and she increased French military

deployments even amid all these protests with the simple and eventually successful goal of defeating the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs

To gain more territory alongside increasing the desperation of ordinary people. This constant warfare stretched

Aristocratic resources because Nobles raised and paid for their own armies in wartime

Louis's mother had to move him several times to keep him safe amid protests from peasants and nobility

Alike some of whom even went to the point of plotting Coups d'état

which is after all a French phrase. the Pieds Nus - or barefooted ones, the Croquants - or

crunchers or crispies, and even judges of Paris were among the people resisting. One judge listed the

sacrifices of ordinary people such as selling all their furniture and sleeping on straw in order to pay rising taxes

He said to maintain the luxury of Paris millions of innocent souls are obliged to live on black bread and oats

Did the center of the world just open? Is there a pumpernickel bagel in there?

It's the closest we could get to black bread. Now. This is a

properly great bagel

Hmm

I'm gonna eat that whole thing. Once this is done but black bread in 17th century, France...Not good. For one thing

It was often cut with sawdust, which you know, isn't ideal for bread making and also isn't ideal for nutrition

in fact, our contemporary bread is so good that it's hard for us to imagine just

How difficult the circumstances were in the 17th century?

Like just how desperate you have to be to add sawdust to your dough

So we're gonna jump back in time for a bit, earlier in the 17th century, a group of judges

managed to undermine the monarchy,

if only temporarily. You'll recall that France ended their religious civil war with Henry,

Paris's well worth amassed the fourth ruling. Henry was Louis XIV's

grandfather and to pay for ongoing wars Henry raised a new tax called the Paulette that was paid by government officials

including judges over a nine-year period

and if you paid the Paulette you could keep your job for life or even sell your job to a

successor and this created a powerful class of bureaucrats who were basically immune from state oversight

But Henry couldn't afford to get rid of the Paulette because he needed the cash to wage wars

The officials who bought their positions came to be known as the nobles of the robe as opposed to the old-school

nobles who were called the nobles of the sword because they'd gotten their status via military

service to the king

Flash forward a few decades Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin are trying to throw these Nobles of the robe out of office

Which the new nobles are of course not keen on leading and to threaten to arrest them

I mean after all they'd paid a lot of money for those robes all of this pushed the people of Paris to their most menacing

protests until the

monarchy back down and released the judges that they had imprisoned and this triumph over the monarchy made the nobility of the robe a force

to be reckoned with and also indicated that maybe the absolute power of the monarchy

Wasn't actually that absolute. Alongside these protesters another contender for influence arose a new Catholic movement

Jansenism, called for a complete purging of the self and a fervent

spirituality to replace the insufficient and even deluded practices of the church.

Like for instance being a cardinal who is probably hooking up with the king's mom

the Jansenist believe only intense and full religious commitment could pull France from its dire straits and their menaced

established authority, but the most threatening uprising was the Fronde, a series of opposition movements between

1648 and

1653 in which the old nobility and the courts were like, " you can't just raise our taxes willy-nilly without asking permission "

And Anne of Austria was like, " of course we can it's a kingdom and we are ,well

if not, exactly the king at least the Kings Regent and her sidekick ".

Let's go to the thought-bubble

Louis XIV was officially crowned king in 1654 when he was 15

And as he grew older his urgent task became organizing the administration of his kingdom

Raising funds and uniting his subjects in loyalty to him

part of his brilliance was to divert the nobility and in fact a good part of France with a

spectacular court life, rather how a parent might divert a relentless unhappy child would, say, an IPad

But Louie's court was even more diverting than, I don't know

what kids like? TiKTok ?

in the 1660s the King began the task of removing his

Government from the tumult of Paris by converting a hunting lodge at Versailles outside of Paris into the most spectacular

European palace complex of its day it has some

15,000 people when the court moved there in the 1680s and further thousands in the many adjacent

buildings for servants and smaller Chateau built for Louis's mistresses

The nobility was kept busy attending to the king and queen as well as serving the monarchs

legitimate and many illegitimate children

They also outdid themselves in maneuvering for status

One of the highest honors being to hand the king his nightshirt in the evening or to oversee his use of the commode. The king

also sponsored and sometimes starred in spectacular operas and concerts and plays to add to the feeling of his greatness and power

While the nobility enhanced the scene by behaving as if the King were in fact more than humanly powerful

It was almost like the king was a bright sun whose presence warmed all those it graced and indeed,

That's why Louis XIV came to be known as the Sun King

Thanks, thought-bubble ! In the days of absolutism monarchs across Europe embraced the idea that they had the divine right to their absolute

rule. The Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet preached in the royal chapel of Versailles that quote : " It is God who

establishes kings...he vested royalty in the House of David, and ordered him to cause Solomon, his son to reign in his place...

Princes thus act as ministers of God. "

He continued, " This is why we have seen that the royal throne is not the throne of a man, but the throne of God himself. "

To his mind, " God has placed in Princes something divine. " and in fact, Bossuet maintained,

" Princes are gods. ". The kings divinity allowed for his regime to be free from arbitrariness or the tyranny of

anarchy because whatever he did was

necessarily correct. Louis XIV probably never said the line most famously attributed to him,

" L'etat c'est moi " or " the state is me ", but it has endured for a reason

He really was the state's power and authority

and he felt that even if he never said it. But Divine Right theory also meant religious conformity. Louis XIV viewed the presence of

protestants in his realm as disorderly and sinful, causing him to revoke the Edict de Nantes in 1685

Thousands of Protestants then fled France, taking their skills and successful businesses to the Netherlands, the German states, North America, South Africa

and other places. And for all the surface grandeur of Louis's regime

it worked mostly because of accomplished bureaucrats including the intendants or

InEnDantS, if I'm pretending to be able to pronounce French, whose jobs were regularized to oversee tax collections, and the

administration's of the various regions of the kingdom. The most prominent and important of all Louis's officials was Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who oversaw

finances and public works among other things. Despite being of middle-class birth, Colbert drove the kingdom's economy

Including its merchants, shipbuilders and artisans. Colbert also oversaw French expansion into North America

sending out settlers and officials, traders combed the continent for the

desperately needed furs that were in high demand during the intense cold of the Little Ice Age

Colbert is most famous for his support of

mercantilism, a policy that saw economic development and trade as

akin to war. Merkin to his thinkers believed that there was only so much wealth in the world a finite and fixed amount

And in such a zero-sum world, the only way for one kingdom to win would be for other kingdoms to lose

We now know this isn't true. But mercantilism was an important driver of policy and foreign relations at the time

there were many applications of this theory refusing entry of another Kingdom ships for instance or

enacting high tariffs on competitors goods

We can see one example of this in cotton textiles, which were

wildly popular but Europeans had no idea how to produce such lively and washable fabrics

So they were outlawed in France

Smuggling, however, thrived with women and men alike

Wearing cotton and even high officials brought them in illegally. In this and other areas of life people did disobey

Absolutist rules. Still, Louis had a lot of power, including the power to wage war

He waged four major ones first the war of devolution in which France gained territory in the north

Second, the Dutch war which gained additional land to the north and along the eastern border

Third, the War of the League of Augsburg

In which he lost much of the land won in the Dutch war. And fourth, the war of the Spanish Succession

again with significant losses

including in Canada this time to Britain, who you might not have expected to be mixed up in the Spanish war of succession

but

Everyone wanted in on warring in 17th century Europe. Clearly, like the ideal reality TV contestant, Louis was not there to make friends

but we can see through this exchange of lands, through endless war how a

zero-sum, I can only win if you lose world view ends up exhausting resources rather than expanding them. By the

end of his reign, the idea of absolutist rules was being thrown into question. An English critic called

absolutist France a " State full of boils and wounds and putrid sores "

exiled Huguenots called the French under Louis " slaves. " his rule directed only " to satisfy both his

ambition and his vengeance ." Again, satisfying ones ambition and ones vengeance makes you a great reality TV contestant

But maybe not necessarily the perfect king

So absolutism can be seen as a form of tyrannical rule demanding religious, economic and social conformity

based on a political theory of monarchical divinity

It cost huge amounts in taxation and loss of life in wars to create this system of civility to royal power and

it was pretty disempowering to the French public. But then again the rise of a political system of power sharing in England called

Constitutionalism wasn't really less violent. Although it did enshrine certain ideas about human rights

Thanks for watching. I'll see you next time

Thanks for watching crash course European history

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