Name: 第一次世界大戰後的恢復。歐洲歷史速成班#36 (Post-World War I Recovery: Crash Course European History #36)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:27:32.000Z
Duration: 14 min 48 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

Hi I'm John Green and this is Crash Course European History. So, Europe has made it through

World War I, we did it everybody! It was easier for us than it was for them.

But now we have to ask the question: how does a society recover from catastrophe? Well,

in some ways, Europe made it look easy. It was the “Roaring Twenties” and a more

modern consumer economy arrived featuring electricity and telephones in homes and nightclubsAnd

all these revolutions in human connectivity and technology meant lots of economic growth

and new opportunities and also of course many people carping about how good it was in the

old days, back when the lord of the manor house made all your decisions and you died

[Intro] To be clear, all was certainly not well: families

tended to thousands of veterans who were “shell shocked,” a term coined to refer to the

post-traumatic mental health crises caused by war. Millions more former soldiers were

disabled. Soldiers struggled to build families and find

jobs, especially because parts of the economy had trouble converting from massive production

of weaponry to the less urgent provisioning of goods for civilian life.

And former soldiers also had to deal with the fact that in many countries (notable exceptions

were France and Italy), women received the vote and entered the labor force, and were

now earning their own money. Let's go to the Thought Bubble.

1. The ongoing growth of industrialization meant there were jobs in new and revived sectors:

2. the production of small household goods like electric irons, or phonographs, or radios,

3. larger items such as automobiles, and civilian transport such as subways, trams, and trains.

4. Construction of urban housing, which had been neglected during the war, also boomed.

5. And some towns and entire cities like Warsaw, along with roads and rail lines, needed massive

6. Nothing spurs the economy quite like rebuilding infrastructure that you just blew up.

7. Meanwhile, technology was rapidly increasing industrial productivity.

8. European industrialists were beginning to follow U.S. innovation in practices like

9. They also created early multinational corporations.

10. Managers of businesses studied the bodily movements of workers performing industrial

11. in order to make the most efficient use of human energy in relationship to machines.

12. One French assembly line worker reported “In my dreams I was a machine.”

13. In multinational enterprises, business people set up branches of their companies

14. for instance in areas where raw material such as cocoa or palm oil were plentiful

15. and where labor for processing or industrial production was cheaper.

16. Many scholars see these new multinational corporations as a different, but also abusive,

Technology increasingly affected farmwork as well, providing expensive innovations like

motorized machinery and chemical fertilizers. and in both industry and agriculture, technology

was making some jobs obsolete even while creating new ones, as it had before the war--and the

benefits were distributed very unevenly, which continues to be the case with industrial and

technological expansion. But there were also upsides. Like, for instance,

dancing. Young people went to dance halls and films, which then as now was an art form

with mass appeal. And people's lives were filled with lively

music, rollicking dances like the Charleston, and screwball comedies like those made by

Charlie Chaplin. Where possible young people flocked to beaches in the summer and bicycled

in groups of friends on weekends now that many people's work days had been cut to

six or even five and ½ days per week. Oh! All that time for leisure. I wonder if

in the future, people will be like, “y'all used to work five days a week?” That's

crazy! And there were so many other changes too.

Changes in women's fashion led to shorter skirts and silk stockings. Manuals about birth

control methods continued the trend of bringing down the birthrate, although there was a brief

upturn just after the war. There was also a new emphasis on physical exercise for both

men and women, as group fitness drills proliferated--as did sports teams, which often now wore uniforms

in much the same way that armies did. Because sports teams are basically armies. OPEN GLOBE

It's an AFC Wimbledon scarf! One thing you might not know about me is that I sponsor

a third-tier English soccer team called AFC Wimbledon.

So much about football and many other sports is very clearly a metaphor for military action.

I mean, defending and attacking, for instance. But also ideas of holding and capturing territory,

and wearing certain colors to show which side you're on.

And another commonality between sports and war is the belief that your team is right

and good and just, and the other team is evil, even if actually the other team is basically

But this isn't Crash Course history of sports...yet. So, back to war.

World War I lingered in many ways. Battlefield tourism arose for people to grieve where their

loved ones had fallen. Inflation, which during the war had ruined so many, became an even

more serious problem. I've said it before and I'll say it again, inflation is the

most underrated historical force. In Germany, for instance, increasingly large

quantities of money were being printed to pay their war reparations as agreed to in

the Treaty of Versailles(1918), and also to pay workers. And that led to runaway hyperinflation

beginning in 1921, so that by 1923 a single turnip or potato could cost trillions of German

The money saved by many middle-class people over decades became worthless, and widespread

bitterness in Germany intensified, fueled by the war guilt clause in the Treaty of Versailles.

Outside of Europe, independence movements were growing against the Western powers, with

Indian lawyer Mohandas Gandhi becoming an international celebrity for preaching civil

disobedience. His message was that non-Western people should not try to emulate Britain or

the United States, whose main values were greed and getting rich.

Instead they should restore their respect for the wisdom of the ancients as found in

the Vedas and other sacred teachings. Despite widespread and ongoing protests, however,

India would not gain its independence until 1947, however, showing how desperately Britain

sought to hold on to its lucrative colonies. In Italy meanwhile, Mussolini was rising to

power. WOW, that is a properlit intense facial expression.

I can't tell if he's about to hypnotize me or order my assassination.

Right, so you'll recall that Britain and France had promised Italy territory in exchange

for joining World War I, a promise that was only minimally kept. And then an economic

downturn right after the war as wartime industries shuttered further crushed Italian hopes and

household budgets. Enter Benito Mussolini. He was an Italian journalist who put himself

at the head of an unofficial army of unemployed men and former veterans with the promise of

making Italy great again as in the days of the ancient, triumphant Roman legions.

In 1922, Mussolini's black-shirted troops marched on Rome (although Mussolini himself

hid out until the march was successful). The troops demanded that the king appoint Mussolini

to head the government, which the King did. Mussolini headed the Fascist Party, which

had a minimalist platform but the electoral advantage of its own army.

The party's platform consisted of the idea that the state was supreme and that a citizen's

duty was to submit to the will of the state (think Rousseau's “general will”). The

party took its name from the fasces of Roman times: an axe with a handle made up of tied

sticks representing the unity and boundedness of the individual to the core power of the