Name: RegEx羅馬數字 - Computerphile (RegEx Roman Numerals - Computerphile)
Uploaded: 2021-01-14T10:13:23.000Z
Duration: 17 min 14 s
Description: 【看影片學英語】數萬部 YouTube 影片，搭配英漢字典即點即查，輕鬆掌握單字發音與用法，長久累積看電影不必再看字幕。

未來簡單式

There's a parsing theme, devotees will know, and there's a Regexp theme. And our

to 不定詞

aim, in the end, is to unite these all into one, at the top, so that you're all

totally happy - or completely unhappy - as the case may be. We have done Regular

Expressions and the last one I did was really very simple and straightforward,

and showed you absolutely nothing about what can go wrong. And some of you out

there, coming up with the usual old jokes, quite right, about: "Oh! you're implementing

using Regular Expressions. Now you've got two problems", Yeah! We'll look on in glee

as we now take the story a bit further and see what can go right and how

powerful Regular Expressions are. But also a little bit of what can go wrong

and why you've got to be careful in your use. So what can it be this marvellous new

example that consumes Life the Universe and Everything and exhibits a whole load

of new features? And you're going to be quite convinced I'm off my head.

It's Roman Numbers. Way way back when we first, here at Nottingham, got Lex and Yacc, in

UNIX Version 7 - it was in the late 70s.  So, believe me, I have been ... or, back in

those days I was setting Roman Numbers as an example of what Lex -  remember the

Regular-Expression-based front-end to your compiler. Does tour identifiers and

all that. I thought, all right, as an exercise, just write a Regular Expression

that will accept Roman Numbers - all of the good ones and reject all the bad ones.

Now, I can't emphasize too strongly: that rider is important! It is very easy, in a

Regular Rxpression, quite easy, to get it to recognize what you want, but will it [also]

reject all the stuff that's bad?  And it is sometimes so easy to overlook [things].

I say with shame because, when I'd set that question, I scratched down a quick and

easy answer - which I now see is full of holes ....   Because if you input, into my

regular expression MMII -  again, looking ahead, Roman Numbers

MMII [is] 2002. Fine. But then I thought ... well I thought now, I didn't think then:

"What happens if I do MIIM? [winces at the thought]?" [Answer = ]  2002. [It] shouldn't be. There's a strict hierarchy

in the way these work. So, at this stage we don't know how much, if anything, you

remember about Roman Numerals. So, as an Extra Bits we've put out a simple

tutorial on Roman Numerals based around this example, But for those of you that

are totally happy with Roman numerals, we can just carry on with the main video now.

So, just to locate ourselves then, and do a few examples to make everybody

comfortable I'm going to write down  MCDXCII.  Start at the left. We've got a

thousand [M] Then we see CD and, remember, this is one of these subtraction things

CD is "a hundred less than 500" which is 400. MCD. So we're up to 1400 so far. XC?

>> Sean: OK That's 90 >> DFB: 90. II? >> Sean: 2 >> DFB: 1492. What happens in 1492 Sean, in  Western European folklore?

"Columbus discovered horizons new in America (1492) >> Sean: I should have known that one

>> DFB: Yeah! right. And, of course, the year  we're in at the moment, as we film all of this,

is - that's simple MMXX, 2020. And one which is dear to me, I'm sure you'll

work out why. Yes, it's got a lot of these prepended abbreviation things in there look,

MCM;  1900, XL: 10 less than 50 (40)  IV: one less than 5 (4) -- 1944.   244 let's focus

Let's focus ourselves now on how would we do a Regular Expression for all of this?

In fact, let's make things very very simple and say: "All I'm gonna do at the moment

Expression pattern that will either generate me one or two, or three, or four, or five -

[writes on paper] forgive me I'll carry on down here. Or six, seven, eight, or nine. And I won't go

any further than that. Because tens is a new adventure

further to the left. So, those numbers then, from one to nine, which I've written

know like that now. I hope you can see that if you're completely simple-minded

about this and don't want to do complex Regular Expressions you really could

write yourself a great long 'alternation' as it's called. In other words a great

big sequence of ORs. And you could do everything from one up to thousands and

just have this walloping great OR clause, that your Regular Expression parser will

probably go bananas and say: "too many alternations", or something like this.

So, no, that's not the way to do it. What one wants to do is to generalize and use,

as it were, elegant Regular Expression capabilities to shorten this a bit.

So, there we are the Roman numbers from I to IX,

All written out. First of all let's try and separate

these things into classes, and groups, that make sense. There are two weird

things which involved the subtraction rule, you know, like IV (1 less than 5)

IX (one less than 10). I think we will do those together, because they're weird in the

same way, if you like. The other things are much more regular like you go from 1

2 and 3, which is with III. And similarly, here, you get the same pattern but coming

after a V  -  a V on its own, or VI, VII, VIII, and so on. So, we've got three

groupings: things involving Is with or without a V in front of them;

and the two special cases IV and IX. So I would conjecture there's a wonderful

piece of Regular Expression covering so far what we've done, but something new

coming up - so do pay attention - would be this: my RE is going to be I

- now this is square 'choice' brackets [],  We have seen these before.

But whereas, before, I put ranges inside them - you know like [A-Za-z]

These aren't ranges; these are just explicit possibilities inside square

brackets. It's called a 'choice' so I've got to have an 'I', if I'm on this side of the

expression. But then it could be followed by either an X or a V, but it must be one

or other of them, and only once. There's no repetition outside; there's no

star there's no plus; no nothing. So those are the special cases taken care of,

the IV and the IX. Now we put a walloping great big OR bar down the middle. Or if

it's not a special case it's a regular straightforward case. But we've been

clever with our REs now. Oh yes! look at this. Now, again, I think this is

something we may have mentioned but probably not another piece of regular

expression notation is: " ... if you put a question mark after something it means

0 or 1 of". So, what I'm saying here is I can either have a V, or I don't need

a V. How can you not need a V? Well, what's following on here is going to be

something that really is new. This is a counted repetition in curly braces zero

- [should be 0,3]. Look at that! Bound  to win an award! Let's just run through it.

The two special cases are off on that left-hand side of the OR bar. But if you choose not

to go down that route you go to here and it says: "Oh well if it's not one of

the two special cases then it's like the following: anything between 0 and 3 Is.

I mean you may not have Is at all - you can just have V on its own if you want -

preceded by an optional V,  nought or one these, >> Sean: Tthat's giving you the choice of

either 1 2 3, or 5, or 6 7 8, right? >> DFB: Yeah, yeah, that's right.

But it's all to do with sometimes having zero of something. Now, hereby

hangs a tale about Regular Expressions. And those of you that keep on posting

these notices about " ... you've got multiple problems with Regular Expressions !".  Well. here's

another one. It's the strange case of the 'empty

alternative', which really can gang up to get you. Because what you're saying here,

in this expression, is: " ... Is it possible for it to match nothing at all and yet

that's a valid match?" Yes it is! Because if you choose to ignore what's on the

left of the OR bar here - which you can do, it's either/or - we come here, and we say: " V,

oh! I can have 0 or 1 of those. So, let's have 0 of them". The I ?  I can have

anything between 0 to 3 of those. So let's choose 0 of them. So, in other words

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RegEx羅馬數字 - Computerphile (RegEx Roman Numerals - Computerphile)

weird

context

recognize

expression