字幕列表 影片播放
How fast are you moving right now?
「現在你的時速多快?」
That seems like an easy question.
你以為這問題很單純吧。
The first tempting answer is,
對於使用個人電腦看影片的你, 首先閃過的念頭應該是:
"I'm not moving."
我沒移動啊。(除非你在通勤中)
Upon further reflection,
更細深思,
you realize that maybe the Earth's motion counts.
你意會到,說不定 地球的運轉也得考慮進來。
So, a second tempting answer is,
因此,再試一次你答道:
"19 miles/second around the Sun."
平均每秒 29.79 公里繞著太陽轉,對吧 (一月地球通過近日點,高於均速。 七月遠日點則相反)
But then you recall learning that the Sun
但不想則已,一想你又發覺太陽
moves around the center of the Milky Way galaxy,
正繞著銀河系中心運轉,
and the Milky Way moves within the Local Group of galaxies,
而銀河系正在本星系群中運轉,
and the Local Group moves within the Virgo Cluster,
本星系群又是室女座星系團的一部分,
and the Virgo Cluster moves within...
室女座星系團又是室女座超星系團......
"How fast are you moving?"
於是「你正以多快速度運動?」
is not an easy question.
不是個好回答的問題。
When Mission Control tells astronauts
當太空任務控制中心告訴太空人
how fast they're going,
他們火箭的飛行時速
there's always an assumed standard of rest.
總有個默認的「靜止」參考點。
At the start of the voyage,
在發射之初,
speeds are given relative to the launchpad.
火箭速度根據的基準點是發射平台。
But later, when the launchpad is
然而不久之後,
just one more arbritrary place
發射平台就退居 地球快速運轉的表面上
down there on Earth's spinning surface,
一個無關緊要的地點,此時
speeds are given relative to
飛行速度的參考基準點是一個
the idealized, non-spinning pinpoint center of Earth.
理想化的:地球本體的旋轉、質量中心。
On their way to the Moon,
在登月任務中,
Apollo astronauts had a hard time
阿波羅太空人瞭解到
answering the question,
即使問題簡單如 「你們現在飛行得多快?」
"How fast are you moving?"
都很難回答。
Speed away from Earth was one thing,
遠離地球的速度是一回事,
and speed toward the Moon was quite another.
朝向月球的速度 並不見得與前者相同。
That's because the Earth and the Moon
理由是地球與月球 事實上是互相繞轉的系統
move relative to one another.
(地月系統的質量,也是旋轉中心位在地球當中,但距離地心長達地球半徑的3/4,也就是地月的花式溜冰中地球也會相對於此中心搖擺。另外,太陽對月球的引力事實上比地球對月球大兩倍。想想看為何月球沒被太陽吸走。)
Ah, of course!
啊,你恍然大悟。
Speed is a relative quantity.
這影片想要彈 「速度是相對概念」這老調,對吧?
When Captain Kirk ask Lieutenant Sulu
當《星艦迷航記》的寇克鑑長對蘇魯上尉提問 (注:星艦當用海空軍軍階)
if the Starship Enterprise has reached a speed of warp 7,
「星艦企業號是否已達曲速因子7 」 (Star Trek的科幻空想單位, 對應幾倍光速設定很亂, 總之皆為超光速)
Sulu should reply,
假如蘇魯是物理魂,應該回答:
"Relative to what, Captain?"
「艦長,你問多快是相對於什麼?」
Such a sassy reply
即使如此有性格的答案
may get subordinate Starfleet officers in trouble,
八成會讓這位艦隊部屬惹上麻煩,
but it is the only good answer
這卻是唯一有格調的答案,
to the question, "How fast are you moving?"
因為「現在多快?」本身條件並不充足。
This is basic relatively talking.
這是基本的相對性思考。
Not fancy Einsteinian relativity,
不是愛因斯坦那種高級的相對性,
but good old fashioned (and still correct)
而是老忠實,仍然可靠的
Galilean relativity.
加利略式的相對性(運動相對性)
Galileo seems to have been the first person
加利略大概是史上第一人做出
to realize that there is no such thing
「世上無絕對的速度」的洞見
as an absolute speed.
「世上無絕對的速度」的洞見
Speeds are relative.
速度,如前所述,皆相對
This means that speeds only have meaning
亦即在沒有給予參考系 (reference frame)之下
when they are referred to a reference frame.
速度是無法定義的。
Presumably that reference frame is itself at rest.
一開始你似乎能假定這個參考點靜止。
But then we have to ask again,
然而追究起來,
"At rest relative to what?"
「你說靜止是對於什麼靜止?」 (這裡忘了提,沒有絕對速度也代表 沒有絕對空間、或者絕對座標)
Because even the concept of rest
因為,即使靜止(也就是速度為零)
has lost any hint of absolute meaning.
也是速度,因此 也不能獨立於系統定義出來。
Speed is relative, and rest is relative.
速度是相對的,靜止也是相對的。
Earth's speed is 19 miles/second relative to the Sun.
地球的每秒29.79公里是相對於太陽。
The Enterprise's speed is warp 7
企業號的曲速 7
relative to the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
是相對於銀河系中心。
Your speed is zero relative to your easy chair.
你的速度是零,相對於你的椅子。
But depending on where you sit,
但取決於你所在地的緯度,
it is hundreds of miles/hour relative to Earth's center.
你與地心的相對速度可以介於每秒 463 公尺,和 0 公尺之間(各強國的衛星發射站首選低緯地區,為什麼?)
When we furrow a brow and ask,
當我們皺眉尋思:
"But how fast is Earth really moving?"
「那地球本身究竟是以什麼速度移動呢?」
we imagine Spaceship Earth
我們想像中的宇宙太空船「地球號」
plowing through the ocean of space
正在宇宙廣袤的空間中一面破浪而進
as it orbits the Sun.
一面繞行太陽。
But space is not an ocean.
但空間可不是海洋,
It has no substance as water does.
空間不存在水那樣靜止的介質(沒有以太)
Space is not a thing;
空間本身不是物質 (Michelson-Morley 實驗說明以太不存在)
space is nothing.
空間什麼都沒有。
Space is no thing.
空間是空無一物。
You can move between two points in space,
你從空間中的一點運動到另一點,
say between Earth and Mars,
例如從地球到火星,
but you can't move through space.
然而實際上你不能「穿過空間」,
There's nothing to move through.
空間就像影子一樣無物可穿。
It's like trying to say how much a hole weighs.
就好像問「洞有多重」一樣。 (譯:倘若 Vsauce 有這標題的影片我也不會驚訝XD)
A hole weighs exactly nothing
洞的重量什麼的根本沒有,
because a hole is nothing.
因為洞是一個概念,不是實體。
It's a void, and so is space.
洞只是「空無一物」的概念,而空間也一樣。
To move relative to nothing is meaningless.
相對於「什麼都沒有」而動, 不是什麼有用的概念。
The concepts of speed and of rest
速度,或靜止,如同加利略的灼見
have only relative meaning.
天生就得有外在的參考物, 一個巴掌拍不響。
They are absolutely meaningless.
宇宙也不懂你說的速度是怎麼一回事。
They mean something
因為速度總是附帶著隱藏前提,
only with respect to arbitrarily chosen,
一個自由設置
artificial frames of reference.
全然是人為概念的參考框架(參考系)。
If, someday, you are buckled into your spaceship,
設想,有一天,你在 你的太空座椅上繫著安全帶
and you see from the side window, say,
望向窗外看到,舉例而言,
a space station whizz by at constant speed,
一個等速移動的太空站,
there is no way to know which of you is really moving.
你和對方,在荒涼的宇宙中沒有任何實驗能證明誰真的在動,或者兩者都在動。
Neither of you is really moving
又,某種程度來說你們的移動都沒有意義
because there is no deep reality about constant speed.
因為等速本身的實在性完全無法確認,
Constant speed in a straight line
等速運動永遠有可能只是種表象
has only relative meaning,
永遠需要藉由外在現象而定義 (注:這傢伙台詞文采差,還跳針,翻譯火大)
a kind of relative reality.
某種相對現實。
Does this mean that all motion is relative?
所以,你已被我說服 「所有運動都是相對」了嗎? (是啊,感謝你的洗腦)
No! Some motions have only relative meaning,
哈,事情不是憨人所想得那麼簡單。 有些動作只有純粹相對下的意義,
but some motions have absolute meaning,
然而確實存在絕對意義的運動 (感謝你的拖拖拉拉現在才說)
are absolutely real.
擁有非常真實的效應。
For example, constant speed is relative,
簡言之,常速是相對的,
but change in speed is absolute.
但【加速度是絕對的】。
Calling something absolute in science
科學上,說某物是絕對的,
means that arbitrary standards are not used
代表測量的基準
in its measurement.
無法任意選擇。
It is unambiguously measurable.
而且對於實驗觀測只有唯一解讀方式。
When your spaceship fires its engines,
當你的太空船引擎點火,
your change in speed is beyond doubt.
加速度的效應無庸置疑, 你會被 G 力壓到椅子裡。
You feel it in your stomach,
連你的內臟都測量得到,
and your ship's sensors can measure it.
當然,飛船上的力學儀器也能輕鬆分辨。
Outside your window,
看出你的窗口,
the passing space station
現在太空站與你的相對速度,
may seem to be changing speed,
似乎也在改變加速,
but the beings inside the station will not feel it.
然而在太空站裡的人 會繼續飄浮毫無感覺,
And no sensors can measure it.
並且他們的儀器並不會感到加速。
You are really changing speed,
真正的在改變速度的是你,
and they are really are not.
而非你觀察的太空站。
There's something absolutely real
與恆速運動(慣性運動)不同的是,
about changes in speed.
變速運動(加速運動) 是貨真價實測量得到的。
The same goes for rotation.
同樣的理由,旋轉運動也是絕對的。
If your spaceship is spinning,
若你的太空船正在旋轉,
you can feel it,
你絕對感覺得到
and your ship's sensors can measure it.
你飛船的感應器也可以。 (加速座標必有假力,旋轉座標中 是離性力、柯氏力)
The space station outside
在你看來你窗外的太空站,
may seem to be going around you,
也在用與你一樣的角速度旋轉,
but it is you who feels queasy,
但唯一會暈得亂七八糟的是你,
not the folks in the space station.
他們不會(繼續飄浮)。
You are really spinning,
你在轉而對方沒在轉,
and they really are not.
可以透過扎實的實驗分辨出來。
There's something absolutely real about rotation.
旋轉,很神奇的,具有一個獨立的實在性。
So, some motions are relative, and some are not.
總結本集,有純粹相對的運動, 也有純粹絕對的運動。
There is no deep reality about constant speed,
慣性/恆速運動永遠不能 以實驗確定為實在, 總是有只是表象的可能
but changes in speed are deeply real,
但加速度本身是實在的,
and so are rotations.
旋轉也是。
We have to be thoughtful
在平凡的日常經驗中,
in our analysis of everyday experience
你得要萬分謹慎,並且「想太多」
in order to identify what is deeply real.
才能分辨實在與否。
Since we can be fooled by perceptions
因為即使簡單如速度的概念
as basic as speed,
都會為我們的感官所混淆,
maybe every perception deserves careful scrutiny.
那或許所有感覺都值得審慎檢驗。
This is what inspired Einstein
這個思想實驗啟發了愛因斯坦
to his incredible insights
去寫下不朽的真知灼見
about the speed of light and forward time travel.
關於光速,與加速座標系的時間膨脹 --向未來的時間旅行。
Knowing how to identify
對於鑑別各種
what is deeply real
「究竟真實」
is tough and important work.
是重要而艱難的工作。
If a police officer ever pulls you over for speeding
下次若被警察路邊攔檢,說,
and asks, "Do you know how fast you were going?"
「這位先生,你知道剛才你開多快嗎?」
an insightful, though perhaps unwise, reply
你可以報以一個深刻,也許有點不智,的回答:
would be, "Relative to what?"
「那要看相對於什麼而言啊。」
And then, as you sit in the backseat of the police car
於是乎,你就可以在警車的後座
and feel it accelerate toward jail,
感受那朝向拘留所的加速度,
you can add,
並且補充說
"But some things are absolute!"
「啊,但還是有些運動是絕對的啊。」