Raise your hands.

舉起你的手。

Good. I'm in the right place.

很好，我是在正確的地方。我來對地方了。

I'm a recovering high school English teacher.

我'是一名康復的高中英語老師。

True story.

真實的故事。

How many of you mentor young kids?

你們有多少人指導年輕的孩子？

Raise your hands.

舉起你的手。

I'm definitely in the right place.

我'絕對是在正確的地方。

For 25 years, we've heard about failing schools

25年來，我們聽說過失敗的學校。

and the need to reform our schools.

以及改革學校的必要性。

Anybody who wanted to reform school?

有誰想改革學校？

Raise your hands.

舉起你的手。

Einstein once said that formulation of the problem

愛因斯坦曾經說過，問題的表述

is often more important than the solution.

往往比解決方案更重要。

I would like to respectfully suggest our schools

我謹建議我們的學校

are not failing; they certainly don't need reforming.

是不失敗的，他們當然不需要改革。

The system is obsolete and needs reinventing.

這個系統已經過時了，需要重塑。

Not reforming.

不改革。

What's changed?

有什麼變化？

It's simply this.

簡單來說就是這樣。

Knowledge today is a commodity.

今天的知識是一種商品。

It's free. It's like air. It's like water.

它是免費的。它就像空氣。它像水。

How many of you have been on the Khan Academy website?

你們有多少人上過可汗學院的網站？

Raise your hands.

舉起你的手。

Yeah, most of you. Right, you know.

是啊，你們大多數人。對，你知道的。

You know the quality of education people can receive

你知道人們能接受的教育品質

on that if they're willing to take the initiative.

上，如果他們'願意主動。

How many of you had to memorize the periodic table

你們有多少人要背週期表？

in high school? Raise your hands.

在高中？請舉手

Ah, everybody! Good.

啊，大家好！很好。

So, how many were there again?

那麼，又有多少人呢？

No wait, I'm sorry, I didn't hear that.

不，等等，對不起，我沒聽到。

Whatever number you came up with is wrong,

不管你想出什麼數字都是錯的。

because two more were added last week.

因為上週又增加了兩個。

And planets, are we up one or down one?

而行星，我們是上一個還是下一個？

I don't know, I haven't checked my news feed today.

我不知道，我今天沒有檢查我的新聞提要。

And let's see, let's have a contest.

讓我們'看看，讓我們'來一場比賽。

Why don't you recite the 50 state capitals from memory

你為什麼不背誦50個州的首府呢？

while I google them? Let's see who's quicker.

而我在谷歌上搜索他們？讓我們'看看誰'更快。

Knowledge is a commodity.

知識是一種商品。

The world no longer cares whether or not

世界不再關心是否

you're smarter than a fifth grader

你比五年級學生還聰明

or how well you do to triple your pursuit.

或者說你做得多好，才會有三倍的追求。

What the world cares about is not what you know,

世界關心的不是你所知道的。

but what you can do with what you know.

但你能用你所知道的做什麼。

And that is a completely different education problem.

而這是一個完全不同的教育問題。

Then the question becomes,

那麼問題就變成了：

Do you have the skill and do you have the will

你有技術嗎？ 你有意願嗎？

to use the knowledge you have acquired?

來運用所學的知識？

Okay, I gotta tell you a kind of an intellectual journey I've been on.

好吧，我得告訴你一種我一直以來的智力之旅。

2005, I read "The World is Flat" by Friedman.

2005年，我讀了"世界是平的"，作者是弗裡德曼。

How many have read that book?

有多少人看過這本書？

Scared the heck out of me.

嚇死我了。

Because as you know, he describes a world

因為你知道，他描述了一個世界

where increasingly any job that can be routined

越來越多的工作可以例行化

is rapidly being offshored or automated.

正在迅速外包或自動化。

White collar, blue collar, doesn't matter.

白領、藍領，都無所謂。

Talked to him recently, interviewed him for the new book.

最近和他哈拉，採訪他的新書。

He said, "I got one thing wrong in that book."

他說，"我在那本書里弄錯了一件事&quot。

I said, "What was that?"

我說，"那是什麼？&quot。

He said, "The pace of change is happening so much faster."

他說，"變化的步伐發生得太快了。

So I worried about what kinds of skills will our young people need

所以我很擔心我們的年輕人需要什麼樣的技能？

to get and keep a good job in this new global knowledge economy.

在這個新的全球知識經濟中獲得和保持一份好工作。

And in fact are they the same skills they'll need

而事實上他們是否也需要同樣的技能呢'。

for citizenship and for continuous learning?

為公民身份和不斷學習？

So I've interviewed a wide range of innovators, literally,

所以我採訪了各種各樣的創新者，真的。

from Apple to Unilever, executives, U.S. Army,

從蘋果到聯合利華，高管，美軍。

community leaders, college teachers, asking all of them,

社區上司、高校老師，問遍了所有的人。

"What are the skills that matter most today? What's important?"

"當今最重要的技能是什麼？什麼'重要？&quot。

Came to understand, there's a set of core competences

悟到了，有一套核心競爭力'。

every young person must be well on the way to mastery

少年得志

before he or she finishes high school.

在他或她完成高中學業之前；

Not just to get a good job, but to be a continuous learner

不僅僅是為了找一份好工作，而是要做一個不斷學習的人。

and an active and informed citizen in the 21st century.

並在21世紀做一個積極的知情公民。

Very briefly, they are:

很簡單，它們是：

No. 1: Critical thinking and problem solving.

No.1：批判性思維和解決問題。

What do I mean by critical thinking?

什麼叫批判性思維？

The ability to ask the right questions,

能夠提出正確的問題。

ask really good questions.

問出真正的好問題。

No. 2: Collaboration across networks and leading by influence.

第2名：跨網絡協作，以影響帶動。

No. 3: Agility and adaptability.

第3：敏捷性和適應性。

No. 4: Initiative and entrepreneurialism.

第4號：主動性和創業精神。

No. 5: Effective oral and written communication.

第5項：有效的口頭和書面交流。

No. 6: Accessing and analyzing information.

第6名：獲取和分析資訊。

and lastly, No. 7: Curiosity and imagination.

最後，第7項：好奇心和想象力。

So, a couple things happened when that book came out 3 and a half years ago.

所以，三年半前那本書出來的時候，發生了幾件事。

There's a global achievement gap that Hellman just referred to.

有'的全球成就差距，赫爾曼剛剛提到。

First of all, I got a kind of affirmation

首先，我得到了一種肯定。

from literally, around the world

來自世界各地

that simply stunned me.

這簡直讓我驚呆了。

Taiwan to Singapore, to Helsinki, to Madrid,

臺灣到新加坡，到赫爾辛基，到馬德里。

and kind of all places in between.

和種之間的所有地方。

Thailand, Bahrain, Birmingham, England.

泰國、巴林、英國伯明翰。

From Wall Street to West Point,

從華爾街到西點軍校。

people said to me, "Yup, these are exactly the right skills."

人們對我說，"Yup，這些正是正確的技能。

I felt pretty good. Not bad.

我感覺很好。還不錯

Then the other thing happened.

然後，另一件事發生了。

Economy collapsed.

經濟崩潰了。

And I saw kids coming home from college,

我還看到孩子們從大學回家。

seemingly having acquired some, many, most of these skills,

似乎已經掌握了其中的一些、許多、大部分技能。

coming home from college to no job.

從大學畢業回家，沒有工作。

They had the skills.

他們有技術。

Something was missing.

缺少了一些東西。

Right now today, half of all recent college graduates

如今，一半的應屆大學畢業生

are either unemployed or underemployed.

失業或就業不足；

A third are living at home.

三分之一的人住在家裡。

Maybe some of you in this audience.

也許在座的有些人。

What did I miss? What was wrong?

我錯過了什麼？錯在哪裡？

Well, as I tried to understand

好吧，當我試圖理解

the essence of this economic crash,

這次經濟崩潰的實質。

I came to understand it's a lot more

我明白了它的很多東西

than the credit default swaps we read about,

比我們讀到的信用違約互換。

a lot more than just a hyper-inflated

膨脹不止

real estate market and so on.

房地產市場等。

Here's what I learned.

這裡'是我學到的。

Maybe you all know this. I didn't.

也許你們都知道。我不知道

More than 70% of our economy is based on consumer spending.

我國70%以上的經濟是以消費支出為基礎的。

What's everybody's biggest fear?

大家最害怕的是什麼'？

That consumers will stop spending.

消費者會停止消費。

That's why we lose jobs.

這就是我們失去工作的原因。

No. 2, that that consumer spending has been

第2條，消費支出一直是

increasingly fueled by people going into debt.

越來越多的人借債助長。

Pulling money out of the house as fast as they could,

以最快的速度從家裡抽出錢來。

putting money on credit cards as fast as they could.

把錢用在信用卡上，儘快。

2007, the savings rate was minus 2%.

2007年，儲蓄率為負2%。

Leading me to conclude

導致我得出結論

that maybe what we have done

這也許是我們所做的

is create an economy based on people

是創造一個以人為本的經濟

spending money they do not have,

花他們沒有的錢；

to buy things they may not need,

購買他們可能不需要的東西。

threatening the planet in the process.

在這個過程中威脅到了地球。

I think it's increasingly clear

我覺得越來越清楚

that kind of an economy is not sustainable.

這樣的經濟是不可持續的。

As Jeremy Cloud said, it's not sustainable environmentally.

正如傑里米-克勞德所說，這在環境上是不可持續的。

It's not even sustainable economically.

這在經濟上都是不可持續的。

Right now today, the savings rate is about 4%.

如今，儲蓄率約為4%。

Consumers are saving

消費者正在節省

more than they are spending.

比他們的支出更多。

I don't think it's sustainable spiritually either.

我不'認為它'在精神上也不能持續。

We need something different.

我們需要一些不同的東西。

So as I tried to understand what's the alternative,

所以，當我試圖瞭解什麼'的選擇。

what's gonna be our niche in the global economy,

什麼'會是我們在全球經濟中的利基。

one word appeared over and over again.

一個詞反覆出現。

Innovation.

創新。

The idea, not just the major innovations in STEM,

理念，而不僅僅是STEM領域的重大創新。

but becoming a country that produces more better ideas

但成為一個能產生更多更好想法的國家

to solve more different kinds of problems,

來解決更多不同類型的問題。

ideas that generate jobs,

創造就業機會的想法。

ideas that other people want and need as solutions

他山之石，可以攻玉

to real problems, every kind of problem.

解決實際問題，各種問題。

So, you know, America has always been known

所以，你知道，美國一直被稱為

as a highly innovative country.

作為一個高度創新的國家，。

But is that because of, or in spite of,

但這是因為，還是因為。

our education system?

我們的教育制度？

Important question.

重要的問題。

You know we have infrastructure,

你知道我們有基礎設施。

we spend on our R&D,

我們花在我們的R&D。

copyright protection laws,

版權保護法。

good immigration policy, until recently.

好的移民政策，直到最近。

What about education?

教育方面呢？

Alright, trivia question of the day so fast you won't be able to google the answer.

好吧，今天的小問題，所以快你不會'谷歌的答案。

What do Bill Gates, Edwin Land,

比爾-蓋茨、埃德溫-蘭德都做了什麼。

the inventor of Polaroid instant camera,

寶麗來即時相機的發明者。

Mark Zuckerburg a Facebook fame,

馬克-扎克伯格是Facebook上的名人。

and Bonnie Raitt, the folk singer, all four have in common?

和民謠歌手邦妮-雷特，這四個人都有共同點？

(Audience) College dropouts.

(觀眾)大學輟學者。

Sorry, they were not dropouts,

對不起，他們不是輟學。

they were Harvard College dropouts!

他們是哈佛大學的輟學生！

That's different! Thank you very much.

這是不同的！謝謝你

You know Steve Jobs is a dropout, Michael Dell is a dropout.

你知道喬布斯是個輟學者，邁克爾-戴爾是個輟學者。

These guys were Harvard dropouts.

這些人都是哈佛大學的輟學生。

So I decided to take a different tactic.

所以我決定採取不同的策略。

Trying to understand what must we do differently

試圖瞭解我們必須做什麼不同的事情。

to develop the capacities of many more

培養更多的人的能力

of our young people to be innovators.

我們的年輕人要成為創新者。

What must we do as parents, as teachers,

作為家長，作為老師，我們必須做什麼。

as mentors, and as employers.

作為導師和僱主，

Started interviewing a wide range of innovators in their 20s.

開始廣泛採訪20多歲的創新者。

Extraordinary young people.

非凡的年輕人。

Range some from privileged, some from poverty.

範圍有些是特權階層，有些是貧困階層。

Wide range. All over the country.

廣泛的範圍。全國各地。

Some in STEM fields, some in arts,

有的在STEM領域，有的在藝術領域。

some were social innovators and entrepreneurs.

有些是社會創新者和企業家。

Then I interviewed each one of their parents.

然後，我對他們的父母進行了一一採訪。

Trying to understand if there were

試圖瞭解是否有

patterns of parenting that I might observe.

我可能觀察到的育兒模式。

Then I asked each one of them,

然後，我問了他們每個人。

"Is there a teacher or a mentor

"是否有老師或導師。

who's made a significant difference in your life?"

誰'在你的生活中產生了重大的變化?&quot。

One third of them, one third,

三分之一的人，三分之一的人。

could not name a single teacher.

說不出一個老師的名字。

Of the two thirds who could,

三分之二的人可以：

they could name at least one teacher.

他們至少能說出一位老師的名字。

The third that couldn't name a teacher

第三個叫不出老師名字的。

could always name a mentor by the way.

總能說出一個導師的方式。

Very important.

非常重要。

We underestimate the importance of mentoring.

我們低估了指導的重要性。

So I went and interviewed each one of those teachers and mentors.

於是，我去採訪了這些老師和導師的每一個人。

And I made, what was for me, a shocking discovery.

我做了，對我來說，是一個令人震驚的發現。

In every single case, the teachers whom I interviewed --

在每一個案例中，我所採訪的教師------。

and I interviewed teachers from elementary school to graduate school.

和我採訪了從小學到研究所學生的老師。

The full spectrum.

全譜。

In every case, every one of those teachers

在每一個案例中，這些教師中的每一個

was an outlier in his or her school setting.

在他或她的學校環境中是個異類。

In fact, I went to five colleges.

事實上，我去了五所大學。

Harvard, MIT, Stanford, Carnegie Mellon, Tulane.

哈佛大學、麻省理工學院、斯坦福大學、卡內基梅隆大學、杜蘭大學。

All five of those college teachers

這五位大學老師

having produced brilliant innovators and continued to do so,

產生了傑出的創新者，並將繼續這樣做。

none of them had tenure

他們都沒有終身制

nor were they ever going to get tenure.

他們也不可能得到終身職位。

What's the problem here?

這裡有什麼問題？

Well, what I came to learn

好吧，我是來學習的

is that the culture of schooling,

就是學校教育的文化。

as we have grown up with it,

因為我們已經和它一起長大了。

is radically at odds with the culture of learning

與學問文化是完全不相稱的。

that produces innovators in five central respects.

培養創新者的五個中心方面。

No. 1, we celebrate and award individual achievement,

1號，我們對個人的成就進行表彰和獎勵。

and sure there's an important place for that,

並肯定有'的重要位置。

but, as you well know, innovation is a team sport.

但是，你也知道，創新是一項團隊運動。

And all of these teachers built real, accountable teamwork

而這些老師都建立了真正的、負責任的團隊合作關係。

and collaboration in all of their assignments.

協作完成所有任務。

No. 2, we are all about specialization in American education.

第2，我們的美國教育都是專業化的。

High school, universities are divided and conquered

高校、大學被瓜分、被征服

by something we call Carnegie units,

由我們稱之為卡內基組織、部門的東西。

which are 115 years old.

其中有115年的歷史。

Chemistry this, biology that, and so on.

化學這個，生物那個，等等。

The world of innovation is interdisciplinary.

創新的世界是跨學科的。

And problem-based learning.

而基於問題的學習。

Judy Gilbert at Google, she said to me,

谷歌的朱迪-吉爾伯特，她對我說。

if there's one thing educators must understand,

如果有一件事教育者必須明白。

is that problems can no longer be solved

是問題已經無法解決

nor even understood

也不明白

within the bright lines of academic disciplines.

在學術學科的明線內。

No. 3, the culture of schooling is all about

No.3，學校教育文化的全部內容。

risk aversion and penalizing failure.

規避風險，懲罰失敗。

Students' job is to figure out what the teacher needs.

學生'的工作是弄清楚老師需要什麼。

Give the teacher whatever the teacher wants.

老師要什麼，就給老師什麼。

Teacher's job is to avoid trouble, you know.

老師的工作是避免麻煩，你知道的。

We are not encouraged to take risks as educators, right?

作為教育工作者，我們不鼓勵冒險吧？

The world of innovation, as you will know,

創新的世界，你會知道。

is all about taking risks,

是關於冒險的。

making mistakes, and learning from them.

犯錯誤，並從中吸取教訓。

I went to IDEO, the most

我去了IDEO，最

innovative design company in the world, they said to me,

他們對我說，他們是世界上創新的設計公司。

"Our motto is, 'Fail early and fail often.'"

"我們的座右銘是，'儘早失敗，經常失敗.'&quot。

That's because there is no innovation without trial and error.

這'是因為沒有試錯就沒有創新。

I went to the D School started by David Kelley from IDEO,