Name: 英文詞尾詞性及意思 (English Grammar - Word Endings - What are suffixes?)
Uploaded: 2014-02-12T13:12:13.000Z
Duration: 18 min 38 s

情態助動詞 A2

Teacher favorites. What should we do now? Hi. James, from EngVid. Looking for classroom

老師的最愛？我們現在該做些甚麼好？喔大家好，我是  EngVid 的詹姆士

stuff because you know we have so much here for you. But before I forget, I can't do my

大家想必很期待課程內容，因為內容超豐富。為了怕忘記，我先請來我最愛的夥伴 E 先生

job without my favorite pal in the world, Mr. E. And this lesson today, actually, guys,

各位，實際上 E 先生和今天這堂課和我們先前上過的另一堂課很相似

it's sort of a lesson that we did before, and it's a second part. I didn't say it was

這門課算是它的第二個部分。雖然我沒有稱這門課為第二堂課

a second part, but it is. You'll go back -- if you go to EngVid, you can see the lesson on

但實際上它是。若要回顧，你可以在 EngVid 看到關於字首的課程

prefixes, which funny enough, is the beginning of the word, and this is the end of the word,

有趣的是，上一門課是在說一個字的開頭，而這門課則是在說一個字的結尾

which are called "suffixes". Let's start from the beginning. What are suffixes?

稱為「字尾」。讓我們從頭開始，甚麼叫字首？

Let's go to the board. A suffix: "suf" means -- this part of the word here actually means

我們來看一下白板。「suf」字首意味著 - 這個字詞的這個部分的意思原本是「下方」

"under". It means "under" or "lower". Why? When we did prefixes, prefixes meant "before",

它表示「下方」或「較低」，這是為什麼呢？當我們加上字首時，字首意味著「前面」

which meant you put two, three, or five letters in front of a word. And that actually changed

也代表你在一個字的前面加上兩個、三個或五個字母。而這樣會改變整個字的意思

the meaning of the word if you remember. If we did "do" and "redo", they're not the same

如果大家沒忘記的話。如果我們把「do」變成「redo」，它們的意義就不同了

meaning. "Do" -- one time, "redo" means "start again".

「Do」表示單次動作，「redo」則表示「再次執行動作」

When we do suffixes, a suffix goes on the end of the word. And I'm going to try to explain

當我們使用字尾時，字尾會放在字的最後方。接著我要帶大家

to you by going here first. Grammar suffixes. You've seen these before. S, ED, and ING.

從這裡開始說明 - 文法字尾。大家之前已看過，S、ED 和 ING

When we have S -- you know if you see a pronoun ending in S, like -- sorry. A verb, I should

當我們加上 S，當你看到有名詞結尾是 S 時，比如說，喔抱歉，我指的是動詞

say. "She is", "he goes" -- you know by seeing the S on the end of that verb that that verb

那我們應該說「She is」、「he goes」。我們可以從動詞結尾的 S 看出是

is taking on a third person singular. In other words, it's talking about a person we don't

第三人稱單數。換句話說，是在講一個我們不知道的人

know, right? And it's a singular person. So that's the grammar suffix, one letter added

並且只有一個人。這就是文法字尾，在最後加上一個字母

on. When you see ED on the end of the word, you know that that means this verb is in the

當你在字詞的結尾看見 ED，就可以知道這個動詞是過去式

past. "I watch TV all the time." "I watched television last night." "I stopped my car

「I watched TV all the time」、「I watched television last night」、

in front of the house." This is something that happened in the past, not now. When we

「I stopped my car in front of the house」。這些都表示動作發生在過去而非現在

have the third ending you're familiar with, ING, they're used for gerunds. And you know

當我們看到動詞的後方是加大家熟悉的 ING 時，它們是做為動名詞使用

the gerund has three uses: It's either a present participle -- working, talking, singing; an

而動名詞共有三種用法：它可能是現在分詞 - 如 working、talking、singing 或是

adjective -- a climbing tree or a swimming pool; or just a noun -- cooking. Yeah, I know.

形容詞 - a climbing tree 或 a swimming pool；或者是名詞 - cooking

All end in ING, but they have three different functions.

它們雖然都是以 ING 結尾，但是具有三種功能

Well, these are examples of suffixes -- letters at the end of the word that change the class

好，以上是幾個字尾的範例 - 在字詞結尾的字母會改變詞性

or the verb function, you might say, or the grammar function. But it doesn't actually

或動詞功能，也可以說是文法功能，但是實際上並不會影響字詞的意思

change the meaning of the word. "Swim", "swimming" -- similar. Okay?

「Swim」和「swimming」 很類似，是吧

Now, how do I explain this? Well, when we do this, we do the same thing here, which

好，我該怎麼解釋這個呢? 當我們這樣做這樣的事情時，具體對文法而言不會有不同

is grammar, specifically, but now, we can change the word class. What I mean is going

但現在我們可以改變字詞的詞性。我的意思是之前只是改變動詞

from -- this is just changing a verb. We're actually going to change the class from, maybe,

但現在我們要連詞性都改變，恩，也許是

a noun to an adjective or an adverb, okay? With me so far? It's easy. We're going to

從名詞變為形容詞或副詞，好嗎? 大家跟得上嗎? 這不難，我們只要在字詞

add a few letters at the end of the word, and it will change what type of word it is.

後方加上幾個字母，隨即會改變字詞原本的詞性

Is it a noun? Is it a verb? Is it an adverb? Is it an adjective? That's it. And by doing

名詞？動詞？副詞？還是形容詞？就是這樣。然後藉由將這些

these -- adding some of these, that's how we do it in English. Excuse me. So let's take

加上這些字尾，這就是英文的作法。

a look. These are the top three that you'll find in

好，讓我們來看一下，你可以在英文中找到最常見的三種

English. On the last video, at the end of the video, I told you, like, we don't use

在上一支視頻中，在視頻結尾的地方，我曾經和大家說過類似這些東西有百分之九十五

these for 95 percent, so I'll fix this now. These are the most common, and what I mean

不會用到的話，現在我要修正一下。這幾個是最常見的，而我所謂的「常見」是指對大家

by "common" is "most useful for you." There are many other suffixes. But these are most

最有用的意思，還有其他很多種字尾，不過這些對大家之所以最有用的原因在於

useful for you to kind of figure out or understand words that you'll see because this will tell

大家可以容易想到或知道所看到的字詞，因為基本上

you what's, basically, the meaning. So I'm going to help you with what the meaning is

光看到字尾就可以知道意思。所以我要帶大家了解其意思

and how it changes it. So you can look at words and kind of go, "Okay, this must be

以及這些字尾如何改變原本的字詞。如此大家就可以看到字詞然後就能知道說，喔!

a noun because I see this ending. Or this must be an adjective." Sound cool? Let's go

這一定是名詞，因為我根據它的字尾判斷，或是一定是副詞等等。聽起來很酷吧？

to the board. Mr. E, help me with the class. It's a joke.

好我們回到白板這邊，E 先生，請幫我判斷詞性，開玩笑的。

See, you're the class now and "word class". Anyway. The first one we're going to look

看，從類別變成詞性。好，回歸主題，首先我們要來看的是 MENT，m-e-n-t

at is MENT, m-e-n-t. "Government", "improvement", all right? When we add MENT to the end of

例如「Government」、「improvement」可以嗎？ 當我們將 MENT 加到某個字詞

a word, it's used to make nouns. So what you'll see is this added to a word becomes a noun.

的最後方，它會將該字詞變成名詞。所以你看到的會是加了這個之後變成名詞的字詞

And what does it mean? Well, it means an action or process. Okay? So we talk about government,

那這個字尾是甚麼意思呢？它表示動作或程序。所以當我們談到政府時

you think, "Okay, now, it's the people, like the president -- President Obama, President

你會聯想到，人的話比如說總統 - 歐巴馬總統、雷根總統

Reagan, Prime Minister Harper." Yeah, I like him. Anyway. Sorry. It's a process. So we

哈珀總理，嘿 我喜歡他。回歸主題，因為它是個程序

talk about government is helping the people. That's what they do when they govern. When

因此我們可以說政府主導的事情是幫助人民

we put MENT in, we talk about the institution or the group of people that help the People.

當我們放入 MENT ，通常是指機構或是幫助人民的一群人

Cool? So "governing" the verb means to help the People; "government" is the group of people

酷吧？因此「governing」這個動詞就是幫助人民，而「government」則是指幫助人民的

or institution of people that help the People. That's one example.

一群人或是幫助人民機構的人，這是其中一個例子

But let's look here, okay? So we know it's a process or an action, which is when it happens,

我們看一下這裡，現在我們知道當它發生時表示程序或動作了

because we're taking a verb and adding this ending to make it a noun, something we can

因為我們在動詞的後面加上這個字尾讓它變成名詞，變成我們摸得到的東西了

touch, okay? I'm going to give you a word you've probably heard before, or hopefully

可以嗎？好，我接下來要介紹的字詞大家可能先前有聽過

you don't have many of them, but you know what they are: argue. "To argue" something,

希望你沒有經歷太多這種狀況，不過你知道它們的 - argue。「To argue」某事是動詞

as a verb, is to try to prove something is true. Or when two people fight -- but not

身為動詞，它意味嘗試證明某件事是真的，或當兩個人在爭吵時 - 不過不是肢體上

physically, verbal, "verbal" meaning with your mouth -- they fight with each other,

而是言語上的爭吵，「verbal」和嘴巴的意思有關 - 兩個人互相爭吵

like, "I don't agree. You agree." All right? So you put forth, or we say -- you say you

好比說「我同意但你不同意」，因此你提出，或是提出你的論證

give an argument. What you think is true is your argument. We also do it in essays on

你認為你的論證才是真的。我們在論文文章中也會遇到

paper. They call it a "thesis", but what is your argument? Your idea you think is true

在論文中稱為「論題」，那你的論證是甚麼呢？那就是你認為是對的

that you want to compete or fight with other people's argument. See, that's a process,

並且要和別人的論證一較高下的看法。看，這也是程序對吧

right? I say, you say, he says, you say. Okay? So it's the process or action of not agreeing

大家你一言我一句，可以嗎？好，所以這表示不同意對方

with each other or verbal fight. So then, you say to me, "Well, what is an

或口頭爭吵的過程。所以告訴我，「甚麼是論點？」

'argument'?" Well, an argument is, as I said, it could be just that, an idea that you think

論點就是，如同我之前所說，可能只是你認為對的想法

this is true. This is my argument, my thought. So you're not actually doing it. That's the

這是我的論點、我的想法。因此你實際上並未執行，這就是論點

argument. Or you could have that verbal fight. You say they're having an argument because

或者是發生口頭爭執。你會說兩個人有爭執，因為爭執是一個過程

it's a process; it's ongoing; they're doing it; and you can see them fighting, like, "I

它是進行中的；兩個人正在進行這件事，而且你可以看得出他們在爭執，好比說

don't agree! Blah, blah, blah! Blah, blah, blah! You should wear blue socks!" Right?

「我不同意！XXXX！你應該穿藍色的襪子！」

That's a verbal fight. And you say, "But it's an argument. It's one form of communication.

這是口頭爭執。你可能會說「但是這是爭論，溝通的一種形式」

And it's a particular form at that time, okay? So here's a process, argue. An "argument"

不過這是某段時間的特定形式，可以嗎？所以這裡是指過程，爭執。而「爭論」則是

is when one group of people are fighting or an idea you want to prove is true, all right?

當一群人為了證明想法是對的而爭吵，可以嗎？

What else can we say? I'll give you another one. Encourage. Encourage. It comes from the

還有哪些字尾要介紹呢？我再和大家介紹另一個 - Encourage。Encourage 這個字來自法文

French, "en", "to put in"; and "courage" -- for the heart, all right? So you encourage somebody;

「en」-「加入」和「courage」-「勇氣」，理解嗎？所以當你鼓勵別人時表示

you motivate them. And to "motivate" them means to say or do things to make them feel

你激發他。而「激發」的意思是說激發他人去說或做某事讓他人感覺他可以做到

that they can do it. As Obama would say, "Yes, we can." Okay? "You can, too, with EngVid."

如同歐巴馬總統曾說過「我們做得到」，「和 EngVid 一起學習，你也可以做到的」

Okay? So you encourage somebody, all right? You say, "Yeah! You can do it! Come on! Yay!"

所以你在鼓勵某個人，可以理解嗎？你說「嘿！老兄你做得到的！」

All right? "Encourage". Now, that's the verb. "Encouragement" may be what you do. You go,

現在「Encourage」是動詞，，而「Encouragement」可能是你想做的事情，舉例來說：

"Are you going to encourage your son to go to law school?" "Well, yeah." "Well, what

「你要鼓勵你的兒子去讀法律嗎？」「喔，是阿」「那你要給予

are you going to give him for encouragement? Will it be words? Will it be a book? Will

他甚麼樣的鼓勵呢？」是口頭鼓勵？書籍獎勵？還是獎金呢？

it be the money?" The money? The money? Yeah. Give him the money. That encourages people.

叮~叮~叮，是的，給他獎金。用來鼓勵要激發的人

It motivates." So an "encouragement" would be similar. It would be, you know -- encouragement

所以「鼓勵」的意思就很類似，它的意思，也就是

could be the words you give to someone to make them want to do it or something you give

鼓勵可能是指你傳達某人使他想做某件事的言語或是給予他人某樣東西

them like a book or a pen, right? And "to encourage" is the verb. So that's another

例如，一本書或一支筆。「to encourage」是動詞，因此這個例子和 MENT 相同

example of how MENT is used to show a process or action. That was number one. Let's go down.

都是用來表示過程或動作。以上是第一種字尾類型，我們再繼續往下看

Mr. E are you ready for ANCE? Sometimes, ANCE has an E. I put a little E there because it

E 先生，你準備好到 ANCE 了嗎？ANCE 中有一個 E，我用小寫的 E 的原因是這樣

might be like this. It might look like this, okay? Now, this is because there is a Latin

因為它可能看起來會是這樣的，可以嗎？好，這是因為這個部分是拉丁文

-- it comes from the Latin language. And there aren't really -- there isn't really a rule

來自拉丁語，而且其實沒有甚麼規則，真的沒甚麼規則

I can give you to tell you why ENCE or ANCE. And I'm very sorry about that. I did look.

我可以告訴你要用 ENCE  或 ANCE，不過很抱歉無法告訴大家規則

I'm only human. But you should be aware it could be spelled either this way or that way.

我沒有超能力只是個普通人。不過大家要留意這類的字的拼法可能是這兩種方式之一

Okay? Once again, similar to MENT, it's used to make nouns. And the meaning is also similar,

同樣地，和 MENT 類似，這類字尾是用於轉換成名詞，意思和原本也是非常類似

very similar. Because especially when we do nouns, a lot of nouns just describe action.

非常類似，因為很多時候我們轉換成名詞時，很多名詞只是用來描述動作

Well, when we say something like, "law", you know, "the law", to be practicing law -- a

好比當我們說「法律」，大家都知道「法律」的意思就是執行法律

lawyer is the person that practices the law. See? That's another suffix. ER usually means

而律師就是執行法律的人，看的出來嗎？這是另一種字尾，而 ER 通常意味著

person or thing that does something. So it's not a surprise that we add these suffixes

人或者有某種功能的事物。因此加上這些字尾不會讓我們感到太意外

on, and they take -- they come from actions or processes or "processes" depending on where

因為這些字來自於動作或過程或者是因你所住地方而異的「過程」

you live. All right? So in this case, we're going to look at this

可以嗎？在這種狀況下，我們接下來將要看

one. This one is used to make action or process -- but it also talks about a state or quality.

這個除了是用來進行動作或過程，也和狀態或品質有關