stuff because you know we have so much here for you. But before I forget, I can't do my

大家想必很期待課程內容，因為內容超豐富。為了怕忘記，我先請來我最愛的夥伴 E 先生

job without my favorite pal in the world, Mr. E. And this lesson today, actually, guys,

各位，實際上 E 先生和今天這堂課和我們先前上過的另一堂課很相似

it's sort of a lesson that we did before, and it's a second part. I didn't say it was

這門課算是它的第二個部分。雖然我沒有稱這門課為第二堂課

a second part, but it is. You'll go back -- if you go to EngVid, you can see the lesson on

但實際上它是。若要回顧，你可以在 EngVid 看到關於字首的課程

prefixes, which funny enough, is the beginning of the word, and this is the end of the word,

有趣的是，上一門課是在說一個字的開頭，而這門課則是在說一個字的結尾

which are called "suffixes". Let's start from the beginning. What are suffixes?

稱為「字尾」。讓我們從頭開始，甚麼叫字首？

Let's go to the board. A suffix: "suf" means -- this part of the word here actually means

我們來看一下白板。「suf」字首意味著 - 這個字詞的這個部分的意思原本是「下方」

"under". It means "under" or "lower". Why? When we did prefixes, prefixes meant "before",

它表示「下方」或「較低」，這是為什麼呢？當我們加上字首時，字首意味著「前面」

which meant you put two, three, or five letters in front of a word. And that actually changed

也代表你在一個字的前面加上兩個、三個或五個字母。而這樣會改變整個字的意思

the meaning of the word if you remember. If we did "do" and "redo", they're not the same

如果大家沒忘記的話。如果我們把「do」變成「redo」，它們的意義就不同了

meaning. "Do" -- one time, "redo" means "start again".

「Do」表示單次動作，「redo」則表示「再次執行動作」

When we do suffixes, a suffix goes on the end of the word. And I'm going to try to explain

當我們使用字尾時，字尾會放在字的最後方。接著我要帶大家

to you by going here first. Grammar suffixes. You've seen these before. S, ED, and ING.

從這裡開始說明 - 文法字尾。大家之前已看過，S、ED 和 ING

When we have S -- you know if you see a pronoun ending in S, like -- sorry. A verb, I should

當我們加上 S，當你看到有名詞結尾是 S 時，比如說，喔抱歉，我指的是動詞

say. "She is", "he goes" -- you know by seeing the S on the end of that verb that that verb

那我們應該說「She is」、「he goes」。我們可以從動詞結尾的 S 看出是

is taking on a third person singular. In other words, it's talking about a person we don't

第三人稱單數。換句話說，是在講一個我們不知道的人

know, right? And it's a singular person. So that's the grammar suffix, one letter added

並且只有一個人。這就是文法字尾，在最後加上一個字母

on. When you see ED on the end of the word, you know that that means this verb is in the

當你在字詞的結尾看見 ED，就可以知道這個動詞是過去式

past. "I watch TV all the time." "I watched television last night." "I stopped my car

「I watched TV all the time」、「I watched television last night」、

in front of the house." This is something that happened in the past, not now. When we

「I stopped my car in front of the house」。這些都表示動作發生在過去而非現在

have the third ending you're familiar with, ING, they're used for gerunds. And you know

當我們看到動詞的後方是加大家熟悉的 ING 時，它們是做為動名詞使用

the gerund has three uses: It's either a present participle -- working, talking, singing; an

而動名詞共有三種用法：它可能是現在分詞 - 如 working、talking、singing 或是

adjective -- a climbing tree or a swimming pool; or just a noun -- cooking. Yeah, I know.

形容詞 - a climbing tree 或 a swimming pool；或者是名詞 - cooking

All end in ING, but they have three different functions.

它們雖然都是以 ING 結尾，但是具有三種功能

Well, these are examples of suffixes -- letters at the end of the word that change the class

好，以上是幾個字尾的範例 - 在字詞結尾的字母會改變詞性

or the verb function, you might say, or the grammar function. But it doesn't actually

或動詞功能，也可以說是文法功能，但是實際上並不會影響字詞的意思

change the meaning of the word. "Swim", "swimming" -- similar. Okay?

「Swim」和「swimming」 很類似，是吧

Now, how do I explain this? Well, when we do this, we do the same thing here, which

好，我該怎麼解釋這個呢? 當我們這樣做這樣的事情時，具體對文法而言不會有不同

is grammar, specifically, but now, we can change the word class. What I mean is going

但現在我們可以改變字詞的詞性。我的意思是之前只是改變動詞

from -- this is just changing a verb. We're actually going to change the class from, maybe,

但現在我們要連詞性都改變，恩，也許是

a noun to an adjective or an adverb, okay? With me so far? It's easy. We're going to

從名詞變為形容詞或副詞，好嗎? 大家跟得上嗎? 這不難，我們只要在字詞

add a few letters at the end of the word, and it will change what type of word it is.

後方加上幾個字母，隨即會改變字詞原本的詞性

Is it a noun? Is it a verb? Is it an adverb? Is it an adjective? That's it. And by doing

名詞？動詞？副詞？還是形容詞？就是這樣。然後藉由將這些

these -- adding some of these, that's how we do it in English. Excuse me. So let's take

加上這些字尾，這就是英文的作法。

a look. These are the top three that you'll find in

好，讓我們來看一下，你可以在英文中找到最常見的三種

English. On the last video, at the end of the video, I told you, like, we don't use

在上一支視頻中，在視頻結尾的地方，我曾經和大家說過類似這些東西有百分之九十五

these for 95 percent, so I'll fix this now. These are the most common, and what I mean

不會用到的話，現在我要修正一下。這幾個是最常見的，而我所謂的「常見」是指對大家

by "common" is "most useful for you." There are many other suffixes. But these are most

最有用的意思，還有其他很多種字尾，不過這些對大家之所以最有用的原因在於

useful for you to kind of figure out or understand words that you'll see because this will tell

大家可以容易想到或知道所看到的字詞，因為基本上

you what's, basically, the meaning. So I'm going to help you with what the meaning is

光看到字尾就可以知道意思。所以我要帶大家了解其意思

and how it changes it. So you can look at words and kind of go, "Okay, this must be

以及這些字尾如何改變原本的字詞。如此大家就可以看到字詞然後就能知道說，喔!

a noun because I see this ending. Or this must be an adjective." Sound cool? Let's go

這一定是名詞，因為我根據它的字尾判斷，或是一定是副詞等等。聽起來很酷吧？

to the board. Mr. E, help me with the class. It's a joke.

好我們回到白板這邊，E 先生，請幫我判斷詞性，開玩笑的。

See, you're the class now and "word class". Anyway. The first one we're going to look

看，從類別變成詞性。好，回歸主題，首先我們要來看的是 MENT，m-e-n-t

at is MENT, m-e-n-t. "Government", "improvement", all right? When we add MENT to the end of

例如「Government」、「improvement」可以嗎？ 當我們將 MENT 加到某個字詞

a word, it's used to make nouns. So what you'll see is this added to a word becomes a noun.

的最後方，它會將該字詞變成名詞。所以你看到的會是加了這個之後變成名詞的字詞

And what does it mean? Well, it means an action or process. Okay? So we talk about government,

那這個字尾是甚麼意思呢？它表示動作或程序。所以當我們談到政府時

you think, "Okay, now, it's the people, like the president -- President Obama, President

你會聯想到，人的話比如說總統 - 歐巴馬總統、雷根總統

Reagan, Prime Minister Harper." Yeah, I like him. Anyway. Sorry. It's a process. So we

哈珀總理，嘿 我喜歡他。回歸主題，因為它是個程序

talk about government is helping the people. That's what they do when they govern. When

因此我們可以說政府主導的事情是幫助人民

we put MENT in, we talk about the institution or the group of people that help the People.

當我們放入 MENT ，通常是指機構或是幫助人民的一群人

Cool? So "governing" the verb means to help the People; "government" is the group of people

酷吧？因此「governing」這個動詞就是幫助人民，而「government」則是指幫助人民的

or institution of people that help the People. That's one example.

一群人或是幫助人民機構的人，這是其中一個例子

But let's look here, okay? So we know it's a process or an action, which is when it happens,

我們看一下這裡，現在我們知道當它發生時表示程序或動作了

because we're taking a verb and adding this ending to make it a noun, something we can

因為我們在動詞的後面加上這個字尾讓它變成名詞，變成我們摸得到的東西了

touch, okay? I'm going to give you a word you've probably heard before, or hopefully

可以嗎？好，我接下來要介紹的字詞大家可能先前有聽過

you don't have many of them, but you know what they are: argue. "To argue" something,

希望你沒有經歷太多這種狀況，不過你知道它們的 - argue。「To argue」某事是動詞

as a verb, is to try to prove something is true. Or when two people fight -- but not

身為動詞，它意味嘗試證明某件事是真的，或當兩個人在爭吵時 - 不過不是肢體上

physically, verbal, "verbal" meaning with your mouth -- they fight with each other,

而是言語上的爭吵，「verbal」和嘴巴的意思有關 - 兩個人互相爭吵

like, "I don't agree. You agree." All right? So you put forth, or we say -- you say you

好比說「我同意但你不同意」，因此你提出，或是提出你的論證

give an argument. What you think is true is your argument. We also do it in essays on

你認為你的論證才是真的。我們在論文文章中也會遇到

paper. They call it a "thesis", but what is your argument? Your idea you think is true

在論文中稱為「論題」，那你的論證是甚麼呢？那就是你認為是對的

that you want to compete or fight with other people's argument. See, that's a process,

並且要和別人的論證一較高下的看法。看，這也是程序對吧

right? I say, you say, he says, you say. Okay? So it's the process or action of not agreeing

大家你一言我一句，可以嗎？好，所以這表示不同意對方

with each other or verbal fight. So then, you say to me, "Well, what is an

或口頭爭吵的過程。所以告訴我，「甚麼是論點？」

'argument'?" Well, an argument is, as I said, it could be just that, an idea that you think

論點就是，如同我之前所說，可能只是你認為對的想法

this is true. This is my argument, my thought. So you're not actually doing it. That's the

這是我的論點、我的想法。因此你實際上並未執行，這就是論點

argument. Or you could have that verbal fight. You say they're having an argument because

或者是發生口頭爭執。你會說兩個人有爭執，因為爭執是一個過程

it's a process; it's ongoing; they're doing it; and you can see them fighting, like, "I

它是進行中的；兩個人正在進行這件事，而且你可以看得出他們在爭執，好比說

don't agree! Blah, blah, blah! Blah, blah, blah! You should wear blue socks!" Right?

「我不同意！XXXX！你應該穿藍色的襪子！」

That's a verbal fight. And you say, "But it's an argument. It's one form of communication.

這是口頭爭執。你可能會說「但是這是爭論，溝通的一種形式」

And it's a particular form at that time, okay? So here's a process, argue. An "argument"

不過這是某段時間的特定形式，可以嗎？所以這裡是指過程，爭執。而「爭論」則是

is when one group of people are fighting or an idea you want to prove is true, all right?

當一群人為了證明想法是對的而爭吵，可以嗎？

What else can we say? I'll give you another one. Encourage. Encourage. It comes from the

還有哪些字尾要介紹呢？我再和大家介紹另一個 - Encourage。Encourage 這個字來自法文

French, "en", "to put in"; and "courage" -- for the heart, all right? So you encourage somebody;

「en」-「加入」和「courage」-「勇氣」，理解嗎？所以當你鼓勵別人時表示

you motivate them. And to "motivate" them means to say or do things to make them feel

你激發他。而「激發」的意思是說激發他人去說或做某事讓他人感覺他可以做到

that they can do it. As Obama would say, "Yes, we can." Okay? "You can, too, with EngVid."

如同歐巴馬總統曾說過「我們做得到」，「和 EngVid 一起學習，你也可以做到的」

Okay? So you encourage somebody, all right? You say, "Yeah! You can do it! Come on! Yay!"

所以你在鼓勵某個人，可以理解嗎？你說「嘿！老兄你做得到的！」

All right? "Encourage". Now, that's the verb. "Encouragement" may be what you do. You go,

現在「Encourage」是動詞，，而「Encouragement」可能是你想做的事情，舉例來說：

"Are you going to encourage your son to go to law school?" "Well, yeah." "Well, what

「你要鼓勵你的兒子去讀法律嗎？」「喔，是阿」「那你要給予

are you going to give him for encouragement? Will it be words? Will it be a book? Will

他甚麼樣的鼓勵呢？」是口頭鼓勵？書籍獎勵？還是獎金呢？

it be the money?" The money? The money? Yeah. Give him the money. That encourages people.

叮~叮~叮，是的，給他獎金。用來鼓勵要激發的人

It motivates." So an "encouragement" would be similar. It would be, you know -- encouragement

所以「鼓勵」的意思就很類似，它的意思，也就是

could be the words you give to someone to make them want to do it or something you give

鼓勵可能是指你傳達某人使他想做某件事的言語或是給予他人某樣東西

them like a book or a pen, right? And "to encourage" is the verb. So that's another

例如，一本書或一支筆。「to encourage」是動詞，因此這個例子和 MENT 相同

example of how MENT is used to show a process or action. That was number one. Let's go down.

都是用來表示過程或動作。以上是第一種字尾類型，我們再繼續往下看

Mr. E are you ready for ANCE? Sometimes, ANCE has an E. I put a little E there because it

E 先生，你準備好到 ANCE 了嗎？ANCE 中有一個 E，我用小寫的 E 的原因是這樣

might be like this. It might look like this, okay? Now, this is because there is a Latin

因為它可能看起來會是這樣的，可以嗎？好，這是因為這個部分是拉丁文

-- it comes from the Latin language. And there aren't really -- there isn't really a rule

來自拉丁語，而且其實沒有甚麼規則，真的沒甚麼規則

I can give you to tell you why ENCE or ANCE. And I'm very sorry about that. I did look.

我可以告訴你要用 ENCE 或 ANCE，不過很抱歉無法告訴大家規則

I'm only human. But you should be aware it could be spelled either this way or that way.

我沒有超能力只是個普通人。不過大家要留意這類的字的拼法可能是這兩種方式之一

Okay? Once again, similar to MENT, it's used to make nouns. And the meaning is also similar,

同樣地，和 MENT 類似，這類字尾是用於轉換成名詞，意思和原本也是非常類似

very similar. Because especially when we do nouns, a lot of nouns just describe action.

非常類似，因為很多時候我們轉換成名詞時，很多名詞只是用來描述動作

Well, when we say something like, "law", you know, "the law", to be practicing law -- a

好比當我們說「法律」，大家都知道「法律」的意思就是執行法律

lawyer is the person that practices the law. See? That's another suffix. ER usually means

而律師就是執行法律的人，看的出來嗎？這是另一種字尾，而 ER 通常意味著

person or thing that does something. So it's not a surprise that we add these suffixes

人或者有某種功能的事物。因此加上這些字尾不會讓我們感到太意外

on, and they take -- they come from actions or processes or "processes" depending on where

因為這些字來自於動作或過程或者是因你所住地方而異的「過程」

you live. All right? So in this case, we're going to look at this

可以嗎？在這種狀況下，我們接下來將要看

one. This one is used to make action or process -- but it also talks about a state or quality.

這個除了是用來進行動作或過程，也和狀態或品質有關

I picked this very weird word for a reason because it expresses a state or quality. I

我之所以會選這個怪怪的字是因為它表示某種狀態或品質

didn't want to talk about action or process; I wanted to show you this because for some

我現在不談論有關動作或過程的部分，因為我想向大家展示

of you, you're going to say, "Teacher, what is a 'state' or 'quality'?" A "state" is -- think

因為可能有些人會問說「老師，甚麼是狀態或品質呢？」所謂「狀態」，可以試想 - 愛

of love. When you love someone, it's not an action you do, but it's where you exist. Now,

當你愛某人時，那不是你執行的動作，而是你所處於的一種狀態

we're getting very deep. It's gone from English to... PhilosoVid? That's it! The new one,

好，我們談的有些遠了，從談英文跑到... PhilosoVid 之類的，對正是!

PhilosoVid. All right, anyway. So I needed a word to show you this. Now, for some of

我們的新頻道 - PhilosoVid! 好，回歸正題，我要提供大家一個字詞可以代表這種狀況

you, if you're religious -- or if not religious, you love your sports stars, right? Like Mike

如果大家很著迷 (也可能沒有)，大家都有喜愛的運動偶像對吧？例如麥克·泰森、穆罕默德·阿里

Tyson, Muhammad Ali, you hold them in great -- you revere them. Or even political leaders

大家會覺得他們很偉大，崇敬他們，或者還有就是政治領袖或將軍等

or generals, right? You hold them in great esteem or revere, meaning respect. You hold

大家覺得他們很偉大或崇敬他們，也就是尊敬的意思

them and think you give them great respect. You can say you "revere" something. Or even

你崇敬他們並且給予他們高度尊敬。你可以說你「崇敬」某件事物

an idea. Freedom. God, I'm going crazy. All right.

或是某種主張想法，喔! 天啊，我快被搞昏了

But when we have "reverence" for something, all right, it's the quality of having this

總之當我們對於某件事物具有崇敬的態度，就是對於這個信仰或對於某件事物高度尊敬的品質

belief or this great respect for something. So "revere" is to have great respect; "reverence"

因此，「崇敬 (revere)」就是指高度尊敬，而「崇敬 (reverence)」

is to be in the state of having it for something or someone. You know, "Show reverence for

則是指對於某人事物處於這樣的狀態。大家應該聽過「對國旗要表示尊敬」吧

the flag." So you see the flag; every time you salute, and you wait for a few seconds

因此當你看見國旗，都會對於曾經為了國旗奮鬥過的人們行禮個幾秒鐘

for all the people who fight for the flag. Yes. Show your reverence -- a state of respect,

沒錯，表示你的崇敬 - 一種尊敬的狀態，這樣懂了吧？

okay? You like that one? Me too. There's another one called "deference" and

大家喜歡這個嗎？我也喜歡唷。這是另一組「遵從 (deference)」和「遵從 (defer)」

"defer". I'll do it quickly. When you have "deference" for someone, you say you have

這裡我會快速說明。 當你對某人表示遵從時，你會說，因為你的地位高於我

superior position to me, and I show this by letting you go first. So in deference to someone,

所以我禮讓你先行以示尊敬。因此對某人表示遵從

you're literally saying, or you're saying, "They are better and know more. I step out

字面上即是說「某人比我更優秀或懂得更多」

of the way." This is a similar state of saying there's a state of respect for someone who

延續前面的概念，這種狀態和說明尊重某個地位較高的人的狀態類似

is in a higher position, and I show this by stepping aside. "Deferring" is like when I

然後我讓開以示尊敬。「Deferring (聽從)」的意思就和

defer to my colleague or defer to my worker. I'm actually doing the action of stepping

聽從我的同事或人員的意思類似。我實際的動作是讓出一個

out of the way to give them a place. "I will defer to you." I'm saying, "You know more,

位置給他們。「我會遵從你的話」言下之意就是「你懂得比我多

so I will listen to you." Showing "deference" is here, "I show, I listen to you in great

所以我聽你的」。「表示遵從」就是這個意思，為展現出極大的崇敬和聽從，我聽你的話

reverence and deference." Those are two big words. Good luck with that. That's for those

這兩個是很滿重的用語，請謹慎使用。

students that go, "I like your lessons, but it's too easy." Yeah. Use those in a sentence

對付自以為是，目中無人的學生時，對沒錯，就可以在句子中使用這些用語

right now. Who do you show deference to or reverence? And do they mean the same thing?

你應該對誰表示遵從或崇敬呢？這兩個字詞的意思相同嗎？

I already told you they don't. On the quiz, for sure.

我已告訴過大家，它們是不一樣的，小考中也一定會考的

And now, number three. ABLE. Cain and Abel -- not related, okay? Not related. But I wanted

好，現在我們來看第三類 -ABLE。該隱和亞伯，嗯，兩者不相關對吧

to show you something a little bit different. I've showed you -- or shown you, sorry. I've

不過我想向大家展現的是一些不同之處，一些我先前或剛展示給大家看過的地方

shown you how MENT and ANCE change words into nouns. And I don't want you to think that

我剛才已向大家說明過如何使用 MENT 和 ANCE 將字詞轉換成名詞，但是我不希望

this is all that suffixes do. But I gave you two strong cases to help you remember this

讓大家誤會字尾的用途都是像這樣的。我在這提供大家兩個比較古怪的案例幫助大家記憶

is what they're going to generally do. But I have one more case. And this is ABLE and

這是它們一般會有的作用，不過我現在有一個例子了，那就是 ABLE 以及 IBLE

IBLE. But what they do is something different. When they're used at the end as a suffix,

不過它們的作用不一樣，當它們加在字詞後方作為字尾時

they create adjectives. They make a word an adjective. And in this specific case, what

會將該字詞變成形容詞，這類字尾可將字詞變成形容詞，並且在這個特殊案例中

I want to talk about is how they change a word into making something worthy, which means

我想向大家介紹的是如何將一個字詞轉變成使某事物有價值，也就是優良的

it is good -- similar to "good for". But if you're "worth" something, it has value. When

意思類似「good for」。當說你「值得」甚麼事情時，代表該事物具有價值

something is "worthy", it has value enough for something. If somebody is "worthy of you"

當某事物「具有價值」時，它就具有某種價值。當我們說某個人「配得上你」

or "worthy for you", basically, what we're saying is they have enough value that you

基本上，就是在說他們對你而言有足夠的價值

can maintain a relationship with them. If you say, "This is not worthy of me", it does

所以可以和他們交往。不過當你說「配不上我」時，那就表示

not have enough value that we should be together. Okay? Or "good for", like "good for you".

我們在一起沒有足夠的價值，可以嗎？這裡也可以用「good for」代替，例如「good for you」

So if I may, and if you can give me a second, I want to do this last one before we move,

所以我想，請大家多給我一點點時間，我想要再講最後一個例子，然後再講下一個

all right? Let's talk about the word "love". Love is -- well, it's deep. Deep, deep, deep

好，那我們來說說這個字詞「愛」。愛的意思就是 - 嗯，一種很深很深，如同我嗓音般低沉

like my voice. Barry White is deep. It's deep, romantic, and/or sexual feeling. "Sexual feeling.

如同貝瑞懷特的嗓音就很低沉。低沉、浪漫且/或給人覺得性感的感覺。「性感的感覺」

When I get the --" yeah. You get it. You understand. Okay. So when you say somebody is "lovable",

當我聽到 -「對，你抓到重點了，你懂的」，好，所以當你說某人「可愛」時

what you're really saying is "they are worthy of love". "They are not lovable" -- they do

你實際上是指「他們值得被愛」，而若是「他們不可愛」，則表示

not deserve, or they should not be loved. "They are lovable" -- "Oh, so lovable, so

他們不值得，或不該被喜歡。「他們真可愛」 -「喔！看看我的小狗！

cute, look at my little puppy! He's so cute!" It's worthy. It has the value to be loved.

多麼討人喜愛，牠好可愛啊！」這是值得的，這隻小狗有被喜愛的價值

And that's what ABLE means here, right? So it's an adjective. We say, "lovable kitten,

這也是這裡 ABLE 表示的意思，可以嗎？這個字詞是個形容詞，我們可以說「可愛的小貓」、

lovable puppy. Right? Lovable desktop, laptop computer." No. You don't say that, Son, but

「可愛的小狗」，可以理解嗎？不過像「可愛的書桌」、「可愛的電腦」我們就不會這樣形容了

that's the next word I'm going to teach you, "enjoyable", okay?

下一個要教大家的字詞是「enjoyable (令人愉快的)」

So we can also say this to use the "good for" as in "enjoyable". "To enjoy" is to get pleasure

「enjoyable」的用法和「good for」雷同，「To enjoy」的意思是感到愉悅

-- "pleasure" meaning happiness from something. If you enjoy it, it gives you happiness or

「愉悅」的意思是自某事物得到快樂。如果你覺得很享受，就表示那樣事物帶給你快樂

pleasure, right? Okay. So when we say something is "enjoyable", it means it's good for fun.

或愉悅，是吧？所以當你說某件事「enjoyable」時，就代表這件事很有趣

"That's an enjoyable book." It's not that it's got value -- "It's valuable. It's worthy

「這是本讓人很享受的書」，這不是說它值錢。「這本書很珍貴，它很適合你

of you because it is like you and fantastic!" No. It means it's good for fun. It's an enjoyable

因為它和你的風格很像而且內容很棒！」是這個意思嗎？不是，它的意思是說

book. It's good for fun. It's good for happiness or for pleasure. All right? So when you have

這是一本有趣的書，可以帶來幸福和愉悅，可以嗎？ 所以當妳有一個東西

it here -- I know I don't have it, but I gave you one visually. I'm giving you one audio

我知道我實際上沒有這個東西，不過我用視覺的方式呈現給你。我現在提供你一個音檔