I'm not too sure what to do, so why don't we do something basic? It's not going to really

我不確定要做什麼，那我們何不從基礎的開始呢？不是真的很簡單的那種

be basic, but I'll tell you what I want to do. I'm going to help you learn how to spell

但告訴你我想做什麼，我想教你如何拼字

or use prefixes in English. What do I mean by that? The first thing I want to teach you

或是使用前綴詞。 這是什麼意思呢？ 首先，我要告訴你「什麼是前綴詞」

is what is a prefix and the six basic prefixes we start with. That should help you along

和「六個基礎前綴詞」。這能幫助你

with your spelling and your reading. Let's go to the board.

拼字和閱讀，我們看看白板吧。

Hey, what's up? So what is a prefix? That's the first thing we should look at. Well, "prefix",

OK 嗎？所以「什麼是前綴詞」呢？首先你要知道

in itself, has a word, and it's "pre". And funny, it means "before". I've done a couple

"prefix" 這個字本身有一個單字 "pre"，意思是「之前」

lessons on this before -- a vocabulary pyramid, so please go check them out -- where I take，

我之前錄過幾部關於這個的影片，像是單字金字塔，可以去把他們找出來

some of these, and I make a bigger lesson on. So if you're okay with this and you want

我有舉出一些今天要跟你們說的重點，然後作延伸，所以一旦你學會今天的課

more, go there, and then do the quiz when you're done. Cool. Anyway, so prefix goes

想要學更多的話，去找影片，之後還可以做點測驗。總之

before a word. There are, basically, six basic ones. There are many. There are hundreds,

前綴詞出現在字的前面，有六個最基本的。 前綴詞有很多，事實上可能有數百種

actually. But the ones I'm going to introduce today, you're going to see many, many, many

但今天我要跟我們講的，出現的頻數非常高。

times. And when I'm done, I'm going to give you a little surprise up there. Something

而當我講完後，我會給你們一點小驚喜

that I think will be interesting and surprising. So let's get started, shall we? Let's move

跟你們說我認為驚奇有趣的事，那我們就開始吧，我們看白板

towards the board. So the first one I want to do means "to" and

第一個我想要教的字有「給予」

"toward". You've seen it before, and it does change. What I should introduce also is that

和「往…」 的意涵。 你看過這個前綴詞，他會改變字的意思。還有，

-- the fact that a prefix is what we call a "morpheme". A "morpheme" -- because "morph"

前綴詞就是我們所說的「語素」，因為 "morph" 這個字

means "to change" and "pheme" -- it's the smallest unit of English, like, you know,

就有「改變」的意思，而 "pheme" 是英文最小的單位

the number one. It's the smallest unit you can have that has a meaning. And that's what,

就像數字 1，他是最小的有意義的單位

basically, prefixes are. They're small units, but they have a very distinct -- which means

這就是前綴詞，他們是最小的單位，但他們非常不一樣

a certain or one -- meaning that's special, okay? So these are morphemes, and I'm going

也就是說，他們的意思都很特別，OK 嗎？這就是語素了

to do the first one. The first one is "to" and "toward". What would it be? Well, it means,

現在我要講第一個前綴詞，他有 「給予」和「往…」 的意涵，是什麼呢？

in this case -- if I put it here, it means "next to", and if I put it here, it means

如果我把他放在上面這邊，就是「旁邊」的意思，而如果我放在下面這邊

"give to". You've seen it before, and I'm going to put it up here: "ad". Well, think

就是「給予」的意思，你之前有看個這個詞，我要把這邊加上 "ad"

about it: One plus one, you move the numbers together, and you get two. Move them together

想看看，一加一，你把這兩個數字加起來，就得到二，把他加起來

-- two. That's when we "add" things. Well, funny, that's what it also means as a morpheme.

就得到二，這就是「加」的意思，有趣的是，" add" 的語素 "ad" 也是這個意思

When we put it here, and we put "adjoin": It means "together" or "next to". When you

當我們放在這個，我們得到 "adjoin" 這個字，中文解釋作「一起」或「鄰接的」

say, "I have -- my bathroom adjoins the living room", it is "next to". They're "toward" or

當你說「我家的浴室在客廳旁邊」，這就是「鄰接」的意思。 他們有 「往…」

"to"; together. What is this one? Well, you already know I'm going to put "ad" here, right?

跟「給予」的意思，而這個呢？你已經知道我們要放 "ad" 在這裡的，對吧？

So let's just add it. I keep saying that, "ad", "add", right? Go towards the next thing.

所以我們就直接加吧，我總是說 "ad" 有「加」的意思對吧？我們直接進到下一個單字

"Administer". When you "administer" something -- your doctor does this. You go; he administers

"Administer" 當你「給予」某物…當你去看醫生的時候，他就會這麼做

a drug or an injection. It means to give to you. And there's the "to" part. Or "We will

他開「給予」你處方籤或是打針，有給予的意思，在英文裡面有 "to" 的意思

administer punishment if you do not do the quiz properly at EngVid." All right? We'll

又如果你考不好的話我們會處罰你，OK 嗎？

"give" you punishment -- "administer". All right? So let's go to the next one. I love

我們會「給予」你處罰，這就是 administer 的意思，OK 嗎？ 我們看下一個

saying "right". Because it's correct. "With" and together". Some of these look familiar.

我好像很喜歡說「OK 嗎？」但這好像也沒有不妥。 「一起」和「共同」，有些滿像的

I know "unity" and "promise". Unity and Ivo -- that's the -- no. That's "Ebony and Ivory".

我知道「統一」和「約定」Unity and Ivo... 不對，應該是 Ebony and Ivory （保羅麥卡尼的歌）

"Ebony". Anyway. Let's go here. But it means "with" and "together". So what could this

Ebony 這個單字…算了，我們回到課程，中文意思是「一起」和「共同」的前綴詞是什麼呢？

possibly be? I don't know. How about "com"? "Com" means "with" or "together". And when

我不知道，或許來個 "com" 如何？ "com" 表示「一起」和「共同」

we put it here -- I made a small joke about "unity", "Ebony", and "Ivory" because I said

而當我們把他放在這裡時…我剛剛說了個關於 "unity", "Ebony" 和 "Ivory" 的笑話是因為

"living together in perfect harmony" if you see that song. "Unity": They live as one.

歌詞裡面有一句是「和諧共處於同個屋簷下」。"Unity" 解釋作「相處為一體」

And then it's "community" -- living as one. One group of people together as one. Now,

"community" 則是「相處為一群」，是由很多人組成的群體，而現在

what about "compromise"? "Compromise" -- have you ever heard that word before? I hope not,

"compromise: 是什麼意思呢？你有聽過這個字嗎？我希望沒有

or you need a new English teacher. It's "compromise". This changes when you put the "com" in front.

不然你可能會把我這個老師換掉，當 "com" 當前綴詞時意思會改變

I don't make the rules. I'm just here to administer them. You like that? I like it, too. Okay.

這不是我訂的規則，我只是「給予」你這個知識，不錯吧？我用了剛才教的字

So when you make a "compromise", you promise together. It means two people want different

所以當你說你們「妥協」了，代表你們雙方「共同」做了「約定」，雖然兩方想要不同的東西

things, but you say, "Look. You can't have everything, and I can't have everything, so

但你們說「聽著，你不能全拿，而我也不能，

why don't we promise to give each other a little bit of this, a little bit of that?"

我們何不彼此答應對方會各退一步呢？」

So we meet halfway. We come together and halfway, right? With a promise, we come and compromise

所以我們達成共識，我們互相退讓，對吧？有了約定，我們妥協

-- halfway, meet each other. "Co" -- you might even say "copromise". So you promise, I promise,

你可能會將這個字拆開來，拆成 "co" 和 "promise" 發音，所以你答應了，我也答應了

we'll make a compromise. You work; I work; we'll get better. Okay, so "co" -- copromise.

我們就會有所妥協，你履行承諾，而我也是，我們就會更好，所以 "co"

Don't say "copromise". Please don't. Compromise. And if you say "copromise" say you learned

別拆成 "co" 和 "promise" 發音，拜託不要，他要併在一起唸，如果你在哪裡聽到這樣發音

it from some other teacher, not James. I guess there's some girl out there who's teaching

一定是別的老師教你的，絕對不是我，我相信一定有人誤導你，

English you can blame it on. Okay, so "promise together".

要去怪他哦，好，所以是「共同達成協議」的意思

Mr. E, we've done (1) and (2). What's next? Well, let's go here: "vious". Okay. We have

老師，我們學完兩個了，接下來呢？好，我們繼續，這裡出現 "vious"

one here that means "against" and "toward". That's interesting. "Against" and "toward":

這邊的字代表 「反對」和「往…」，有趣的是

They seem opposites. And that's what this one, basically, means, "ob". When we look

這兩個字看似相反，但這也就是前綴詞 "ob" 的功用

at here, and we look at this word, "obvious", "obvious", it means "toward easy to see".

當我們看這個， "obvious" 這個字，中文解釋做「往容易看見的的方向發展」

When something is "obvious", you can easily see it, or you're moving to make it obvious

當某事很「明顯」，你就很容易看見，又或是你改變位置

so you can easily see it. One I didn't put here is "oblong" because we talk about sides

所以你會容易看見他。有個我沒有放在這裡的單字是 "oblong" 因為我們在討論前綴詞

-- but that's another lesson -- and why we have "toward". But here's another one. "Noxious".

但它屬於另一個課程，但這裡是要說「往…」的前綴詞。這裡有另一個字 "Noxious"

"Noxious" is actually a word which means to make you sick. If something is "noxious"...

"Noxious" 的中文翻譯作「有毒的」，如果某件物品有毒，

or "nauseous". "Nauseous". So when we have "obnoxious", it means "toward making me sick"

或是他又可以寫作 "nauseous"，所以當我們「厭惡」某事物，代表這事物「往讓我們厭惡的地方

or "not happy". "That's very obnoxious. What you said was obnoxious. I don't like it. It

或不開心的地方法展」「好噁心阿，你所說的令人厭惡，我不喜歡

almost makes me want to be sick." Sorry about that -- eggs for breakfast.

他甚至讓我想吐」，抱歉我早餐吃了蛋

Next, we're going to do this one, and that's "sub" -- damn it. I almost gave it away. But

接下來，我們要講這一個前綴詞 "sub" ，糟糕，我差點就要說出來了

you don't know unless you're very smart, and you looked here, but I'm covering that. Next

但除非你真的很聰明，不然你不會知道的，或是你看了這邊，但我已經蓋起來囉

one, we've got "servient". And it's not a "serviette". You know, you go to the -- they

下一個的意思是「從屬的」，不是餐巾 (serviette) 哦！當你去一些地方的時候

give you one of these, a "serviette" -- no. Not a "serviette". But it means "under". Now,

他們會給你這個，餐巾，但這個單字不是餐巾，我們要有「在…之下」的意思

if you look here it should be easy for you. It should be obvious. See? And I'm not trying

如果你看這邊應該就可以了，這應該很「明顯」，看吧，我不是要惹人厭

to be obnoxious. I'm just trying to administer the lesson in a way for you to learn. It's

我只是要用一些方法教「給予」你這些知識

"sub". "Sub" means "under" or "lower" in English or -- actually, it's a Latin root, so "under".

前綴詞 "sub" 中文解釋做「在…之下」或是「低於…」，事實上，他是源自拉丁文

So when we put here "sub", and we put "subservient", this is interesting. I know it's small, so

所以當我們把 "sub" 放在 "servient" 前，很有趣的事情出現了，字很小

work with me here. It means, "Somebody knows their position is lower or under others, and

我們更要看仔細，"subservient" 就代表「某人的地位比其他人低，他們卑躬屈膝」

they act like it." So -- sorry. It has "acts like it", "and they act like it". So basically,

抱歉口誤了， it 後面的動詞要加 s ，they 後面的動詞不用，所以基本上

you have someone who acts like, "Yes, sir. No, sir. Three bags full sir. I'll do, yes,

這些人可能會說「是的長官」「不是的長官」「裝滿三袋了長官」「我會的長官」

yes, yes." You're "subservient" -- under us, serves under us. Cool? And "subway". Well,

「是的是的」這就是 "subservient" 的意思，地位低於我們，在我們下面做事，很酷吧，而 "subway" 這個字呢

if you're from -- if you're from New York or Toronto, they have a subway. That means

如果你來自紐約或是多倫多，這些城市就有「地鐵」

they travel under the ground. Cool? Let's go over here.

這表示人們能在地「底下」活動，很酷吧？我們接下去看

So we've got "subservient". We've got "subway". What else could we possibly have? A bunch.

所以我們學到了 "subservient" 和 "subway" 兩個子，我們還有什麼前綴詞呢？

Because, again, we have "with" or "together"? Twice? It's not my fault. These are the basic

因為已經出現了兩次「一起」和「共同」的意思，這不是我的錯，這就是六個最基本的前綴詞

six. I'm just telling you because if you look in the dictionary, you'll see pages and pages

我把他們放到這個課程，因為如果你查字典，你會發現他們佔了很多篇幅

starting with this. All right? So "together" and "with" would be here. Let's put it up

從這邊開始，OK 嗎？所以「一起」和「共同」應該要放在這裡，我們就把他填上去

here -- "syn". You've seen this. I'm going to make one small change. You may not say,

"syn" 你一定看過這個前綴詞，現在我要做點小改變，你可能會說

"James, this isn't 'syn'. You put 'syn' and then you use something else. This is wrong."

「詹姆士，你說這裡要放 "syn"，但你卻放別的字，是不是寫錯了」

Sometimes "syn" becomes "sym". Sometimes this -- it looks like this. But it's the same meaning.

有時候 "syn" 這個前綴詞會變成 "sym"，有時候會有這個情形，但他的意思不變

They're similar, right? In this case, "sympathy". When somebody has "sympathy", they have something

他們是同意的，OK 嗎？這樣的話會變成 "sympathy"，當某人有「同情心」

with emotion, right? They have sympathy for you. They have emotions with you or together

他們會對某事有感情，對吧？他們「同情」你，因為他們對你有感情，或是和你共享這份情緒

with you. They share them with you or together with you -- "sympathy for your children",

他們對你或是和你共享情緒，「同情你的小朋友」

"sympathy for the planet or other people". I feel as you do. And here's one. I put this

「同情地球或其他人」，我能夠了解你的處境，下一個

one because you're studying English. And when you're studying English, you have to learn

我放這個字是因為你在學英文，學英文的人一定要知道這個字

this one. And I'm coming right back to "syntax". This isn't a tax for being a bad person, no.

那就是 "syntax" 這個字不是指當壞人的壓力

"Syntax" is how words work together. You can put the verb and the subject and the object

"Syntax" 是字根字組成的用法，你可能可以自由變換主詞、動詞、受詞在句子裡的位置

in different places, but in English, there's a syntax -- there's a way that the words must

但在英文，我們有「語法」，字有一定的擺放方式

go. You have to write them this way. So your teachers will go, "You have great writing,

你一定要遵照這個規則，所以老師可能會說「你寫的不錯，

but the syntax is off." They're saying your words don't work well together for the way

但沒有照著語法走」，他們指的是你的字沒有遵照

the English rules work. And that's "syntax", "together" and "with".

英文的規則，所以前綴詞 "syntax" 就有「一起」和「共同」的意思

Now, I missed something, so this lesson isn't quite sufficient, or it's not -- you might

現在，我好像漏掉了什麼，所以這堂課還不夠完整，你可能還會說別的

say something else. It's not quite finished. And what would that be? Good. Because it's

這堂課還沒結束，那最後一個前綴詞是什麼呢？非常好

going to help me with the final one I want to do, and it's this one: "in". Very popular

因為這個字能讓我揭曉最後的驚喜，這個前綴詞就是 "in"，很常用的字

word, and it's "in" these days. When we say something is "in" these days, it means it's

特別是「在」最近，當 "in" 當介係詞時，他可能代表一種

"in fashion" or style. So "in", funny enough, means "not". It's the opposite, "not". And

潮流或是風格，所以有趣的是，他代表「否定」，相反的意思

"in" means "into", "to enter". So if you use here -- which is what's happening right now.

而 "in" 當介係詞時，他指的是「在…」或「進入」，所以如果你用在這，他就代表現在正在發生的事

"Sufficient" means "enough". If you speak Spanish, "sufficiente". I don't speak Spanish.

"sufficient" 的中文解釋作「足夠」，如果你說西班牙文，雖然我不會說西班牙文

I wish I did. I'm learning it, though. But if you say that, "It's not enough. I don't

希望我可以，我正在學，但如果你要說「還不夠

have enough time" -- "insufficient". Let me just finish off this. It's "insufficient",

我沒有足夠的時間」，"insufficient" 就是「不足」的意思，讓我把它寫上

"not enough". "Insufficient time. I'm running out. I have to hurry." And the last one is,

"insufficient" 表示「不足」，「時間不夠了，我必須快點」而最後一個字是

"incapable". "Capable" comes from "capacity" or "ability". So we put "no ability" -- "ability",

"incapable" "capable" 這個字源自於 "capacity" 和 "ability" 兩個字，中文解釋做「沒有能力」

there we go. Someone has no ability to do something. See? I was incapable of finishing

我們用在當「某人沒有能力做某事」的時候，就好像五秒鐘前我沒有辦法上完課一樣

the lesson until five seconds ago, and that's when I wrote "inability". "Incapable" and

直到我寫了 "inability" 才告一個段落，「不能」

"insufficient" -- it wasn't sufficient because I missed one. I gave you five, not six. And

和「不足」，當我只教你五個前綴詞而不是六個，我的課程就還「不足」

"incapable" -- wasn't finished. This is bad. That's why the worm works here, to keep me

所以我又提到了「不能」這個單字，沒上完就糟了，這就是為什麼我畫了隻蟲在這

on top of my job. Anyway. I wrote all of this, and I told you these

去提醒我要上的課，總之，我寫了這麼多，告訴你們這些單字

are the six basic ones. There are many more, and some of these have been done in a bigger

和六個基本的前綴詞。絕對還有更多，你可以在我們的頻道看到更進階的課程

lesson on EngVid, so please go check those out, and once again, do the quiz. But notice

請務必去找他們，然後再次重申，要做測驗，但要注意的是

I did this one last. I really did do it for a reason, and you're going to find out. Do

我最後才說前綴詞 "in" 是有原因的，你之後就會知道

you know that only four prefixes make up -- take a guess. Do you think 20 percent? 30 percent?

猜猜看，這四種前綴詞的使用頻率多高？百分之二十？百分之三十？

40 percent? 50 percent? Keep on going. What was that, Mr. E? That's right. 97 percent

百分之四十？還是百分之五十？繼續猜，到底是多少啊老師？你答對了，百分之九十七

of most of the prefixes out there -- surprised? I know you are. And do you know it's this

的機率會使用到這些，我知道很驚人，更厲害的是

one that's included in the list of four? These four are used 97 percent. And the best part

包含 "in" 的這四個前綴詞，有百分之九十七的機率會使用到，更棒的事

is they're mostly negative. It makes my language a very negative language. I don't think that's

他們幾乎都有否定的意涵，他讓英文變得很負面，我不認為這是對的

right. I think that's not fair, but "in", "dis", and "un" usually mean "no" or "not".

我認為這很不公平，但前綴詞 "in" "dis" 和 "us" 通常有「不」或「否」的意涵

Anyway. A quick review because we've got to go, all right? So "ad" means "to" or "toward",

總之，我們快速地複習我們今天所學的，前綴詞 "ad" 表示「給予」和「往…」

all right? "Com" means "with" or "together". "Ob" means "against" or "toward". I know.

"com" 則代表「一起」和「共同」，"ob" 表示「反對」和「往…」我知道很複雜

I don't make the rules. I'm just telling you. "In" means "not" or "into". "Sub" means "under".

但我不是制定這規則的人，我只是告訴你，"in" 代表「不」或「進入…」，"sub" 有「在…之下」的意思

And "syn", which sometimes looks like "sym", can be "with" or "together". Cool? You like

而有時候會變成"sym" 的 "syn" 表示「一起」和「共同」，都會了嗎？

that? I do. These are the basic six. Don't forget. These

喜歡這堂課嗎？我自己滿喜歡的，這就是六個基本的前綴詞，要記起來哦

negative four are terrible, but I want you to have a good day. Mr. E and I are on our

雖然上面這四個很負面，但我希望你們都有愉快的一天，老師我們要去搭

way -- subway. Cool, right? Not trying to be subservient here, but I've got to do the

「地下鐵」了，你看我們用到剛剛學的字了，不是要「卑躬屈膝」的

promo. Here we go. So I need you to go to www.engvid.com, where "eng" stands for "English"

只是想要打廣告一下，來吧，我需要你們上我們的官網，網址的 "eng" 就是「英文」的縮寫

and where "vid" stands for "video", where you'll see me and Mr. E. We'd like to teach

而 "vid" 就是「影片」的縮寫，在官網裡面，你會看到老師我們的影片，我們希望教你們

you some more, all right? Don't forget your prefixes. Next, we'll do suffixes. Sufficiente.

更多英文，別忘了這些前綴詞，之後，我們會推出「後綴詞」 "sufficiente"

That's not Spanish, it's just me.

這才不是西班牙文的唸法，是我發明的