Name: 【TED】Margaret Heffernan: 敢於否定 (Dare to disagree | Margaret Heffernan)
Uploaded: 2014-08-21T14:27:19.000Z
Duration: 12 min 57 s

過去簡單式

there was a fantastic doctor, who was very unusual,

有一位很優秀，不尋常的醫生，

And Alice was unusual partly because, of course,

she was a woman, which was pretty rare in the 1950s.

她是個女醫生，這在1950年代很罕見。

And she was brilliant, she was one of the,

而且她非常厲害，她是當時被選為

at the time, the youngest Fellow to be elected to the Royal College of Physicians.

"皇家醫師學院"最年輕的學員之一。

She was unusual too because she continued to work after she got married,

and even after she got divorced and was a single parent,

甚至當她離婚成為單親媽媽之後，

And she was unusual because she was really interested in a new science,

還因為她對一門新科學十分感興趣，

But like every scientist, she appreciated

that to make her mark, what she needed to do

was the rising incidence of childhood cancers.

the children who were dying seemed mostly to come

Now, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.

當時，Alice很難幫她的研究籌備到資金。

And that meant she knew she only had one shot

This really was a needle in a haystack sort of search,

so she asked everything she could think of.

因此她問了所有她能想到的問題。

Did they have indoor or outdoor plumbing?

他們生活環境中是否有戶內或者戶外的管線裝置?

What time of life had they started school?

And when her carbon copied questionnaire started to come back,

而當她開始收回用碳粉印製成的問卷時，

一個，只有一個明確的統計數據

with the statistical clarity of a kind that

這是大多數科學家只能幻想的。

had had mothers who had been X-rayed when pregnant.

做過X光檢查的人數是沒做過的兩倍。

Now that finding flew in the face of conventional wisdom.

that everything was safe up to a point, a threshold.

任何事情在一種程度上都是安全的，有一個門檻。

It flew in the face of conventional wisdom,

這對於傳統看法是很大的衝擊，

which was huge enthusiasm for the cool new technology

你要知道當代的酷炫新科技，也就是X光機，

of that age, which was the X-ray machine.

And it flew in the face of doctors' idea of themselves,

而這也挑戰醫生對自己的想法，

Nevertheless, Alice Stewart rushed to publish

her preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.

在1956年的刺胳針雜誌(The Lancet)雜誌中發表了她的初步發現。

People got very excited, there was talk of the Nobel Prize,

人們都很興奮，還有提到得諾貝爾獎的可能性。

to try to study all the cases of childhood cancer she could find

研究所有她能找到的兒童癌症病例。

It was fully 25 years before the British and medical --

British and American medical establishments

abandoned the practice of X-raying pregnant women.

The data was out there, it was open, it was freely available,

數據都存在，開放且唾手可得，

單究開放性是無法帶來改變的。

So for 25 years Alice Stewart had a very big fight on her hands.

25年來，Alice Stewart一直在奮鬥。

Well, she had a fantastic model for thinking.

She worked with a statistician named George Kneale,

她當時與一位名叫George Kneale的統計學家合作，

and George was pretty much everything that Alice wasn't.

So, Alice was very outgoing and sociable,

Alice was very warm, very empathetic with her patients.

Alice很熱情，用同理心和她的病人互動。

George frankly preferred numbers to people.

But he said this fantastic thing about their working relationship.

不過他提到件他們工作關係最棒的事。

He said, "My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong."

他說：「我的工作就是證明Stewart博士是錯的。」

at her statistics, different ways of crunching the data

她的數據，以及不同方式分析數據，

He saw his job as creating conflict around her theories.

他把他自己的工作當作為Alice的理論創造矛盾。

Because it was only by not being able to prove

that George could give Alice the confidence she needed

George就可以給Alice所需要的自信

It's a fantastic model of collaboration --

thinking partners who aren't echo chambers.

Alice and George were very good at conflict.

So what does that kind of constructive conflict require?

那麼這種建設性的矛盾需要什麼呢?

Well, first of all, it requires that we find people

That means we have to resist the neurobiological drive,

這意味著我們必須抗拒神經生物學的驅力，

which means that we really prefer people mostly like ourselves,

也就是我們喜歡像我們的人們，