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  • So, I'd like to spend a few minutes with you folks today

    我想和各位度過幾分鐘

  • imagining what our planet might look like in a thousand years.

    想像我們一千年後的地球

  • But before I do that,

    但,在這之前

  • I need to talk to you about synthetic materials like plastics,

    我要說說有關合成材料的事

  • which require huge amounts of energy to create

    創造合成材料需要消耗極大的能量

  • and, because of their disposal issues,

    由於處置它們的問題

  • are slowly poisoning our planet.

    我們的地球正漸漸遭受毒害

  • I also want to tell you and share with you

    我也想告訴你們並和你們分享:

  • how my team and I

    我和我的團隊

  • have been using mushrooms over the last three years.

    在過去三年來,已使用蘑菇

  • Not like that. (Laughter)

    不是利用它們的迷幻成份(笑聲)

  • We're using mushrooms to create an entirely new class of materials,

    我們用蘑菇創造出一種全新的材料

  • which perform a lot like plastics during their use,

    它用起來和塑膠相當

  • but are made from crop waste

    但卻是由農作物廢料所製成的

  • and are totally compostable at the end of their lives.

    而且在無法使用時可以完全分解

  • (Cheering)

    (歡呼聲)

  • But first,

    但首先

  • I need to talk to you about what I consider one of the most egregious offenders

    我必須告訴各位,在一次性塑料類別中

  • in the disposable plastics category.

    我所認為最糟糕的東西是什麽。

  • This is a material you all know is Styrofoam,

    這是你們都知道的材料: 發泡膠

  • but I like to think of it as toxic white stuff.

    我認為它比較像一種有毒的白色物質

  • In a single cubic foot of this material --

    每單位立方英尺的這種材料 --

  • about what would come around your computer or large television --

    會出現在你的電腦或大電視的這一材料 --

  • you have the same energy content

    能源的內容,大約相當於

  • of about a liter and a half of petrol.

    1.5公升的石油

  • Yet, after just a few weeks of use,

    然而,在幾個星期的使用後

  • you'll throw this material in the trash.

    你會把這東西丟進垃圾桶

  • And this isn't just found in packaging.

    它不只出現於包裝

  • 20 billion dollars of this material is produced every year,

    每年有價值 200 億美元的材料被製造出來

  • and everything from building materials to surfboards

    從建築材料到衝浪板

  • to coffee cups to table tops.

    從咖啡杯到桌子,包含了所有東西

  • And that's not the only place it's found.

    這還不是你唯一能找到的地方

  • The EPA estimates, in the United States,

    美國環境保護局估計,

  • by volume, this material occupies 25 percent of our landfills.

    在美國,塑膠材料佔了 25% 的掩埋場

  • - Even worse is when it finds its way into our natural environment --

    更糟的是,它們也出現於我們的自然環境中

  • on the side of the road or next to a river.

    在路旁或在河邊

  • If it's not picked up by a human, like me and you,

    它如果不被人撿起,比如你我

  • it'll stay there for thousands and thousands of years.

    它就會在那裡待上千千萬萬年

  • Perhaps even worse

    甚至,更糟的是

  • is when it finds its way into our oceans, like in the great plastic gyre,

    它出現於我們的海洋中,比如太平洋環流區的龐大塑膠漩渦

  • where these materials are being mechanically broken

    在那,這些材料破碎成

  • into smaller and smaller bits,

    一片一片小塊

  • but they're not really going away.

    但它們不是真正消失

  • They're not biologically compatible.

    它們無法生物分解

  • They're basically following up

    它們基本上加速了

  • Earth's respiratory and circulatory systems.

    地球的呼吸循環系統

  • And because these materials are so prolific,

    另外,由於這些材料太大量了

  • because they're found in so many places,

    由於它們覆蓋了太廣泛的地方

  • there's one other place you'll find this material, styrene,

    你可以在一個地方發現這材料,苯乙烯

  • which is made from benzene, a known carcinogen.

    由石油醚所構成,一種致癌物質

  • You'll find it inside of you.

    你會發現它也會出現於你體內

  • So, for all these reasons,

    基於這些原因

  • I think we need better materials,

    我想我們需要更好的材料

  • and there are three key principles we can use to guide these materials.

    我們可以依據三種原則使用這些材料

  • The first is feedstocks.

    首先是原料

  • Today, we use a single feedstock, petroleum,

    現今我們使用單一原料: 石油

  • to heat our homes, power our cars

    以石油作為屋內暖氣來源、車用燃料、

  • and make most of the materials you see around you.

    並且使用絕大多數的材料做成你周遭的物品

  • We recognize this is a finite resource,

    我們認識到這是一種有限的資源

  • and it's simply crazy to do this, to put a liter and a half of petrol in the trash

    而且每一次當你拿到一個包裝,

  • every time you get a package.

    就是把1.5公升的汽油丟到垃圾桶裡,這實在是一件很瘋的事

  • Second of all, we should really strive to use far less energy

    第二,我們實在應該盡可能地大量減少使用能源

  • in creating these materials.

    在製造這些材料上

  • I say far less, because 10 percent isn't going to cut it.

    我說大量減少,因為 10% 是沒什麼作用的

  • We should be talking about half, a quarter,

    我們應該討論是否降低一半、四分之一、

  • one-tenth the energy content.

    至十分之一的能源含量

  • And lastly, and I think perhaps most importantly,

    最後,我想這可能是最重要的

  • we should be creating materials

    我們應該創造一種材料

  • that fit into what I call nature's recycling system.

    一種可以融入自然回收系統的材料

  • This recycling system has been in place for the last billion years.

    這個自然回收系統已存在了幾十億年

  • I fit into it, you fit into it,

    我適應,你也適應

  • and a hundred years tops, my body can return to the Earth with no preprocessing.

    一百年來,我的身體無須任何前置作業即可回歸地球

  • Yet that packaging I got in the mail yesterday

    然而,我昨天拿到的郵件包裹

  • is going to last for thousands of years.

    卻會存留上千年

  • This is crazy.

    這太瘋狂了

  • But nature provides us with a really good model here.

    但自然在這裡提供我們一個相當棒的模型

  • When a tree's done using its leaves --

    當一棵樹用完它的葉子後 --

  • its solar collectors, these amazing molecular photon capturing devices --

    它的太陽能集熱器,這些了不起的分子光子捕捉裝置 --

  • at the end of a season,

    在季節終了的時候

  • it doesn't pack them up, take them to the leaf reprocessing center

    並不是把它們包起來,丟到樹葉處理中心去

  • and have them melted down to form new leaves.

    讓它們溶化解體,形成新葉

  • It just drops them, the shortest distance possible,

    而就只是使樹葉落地,以最短的距離

  • to the forest floor,

    掉落森林地面

  • where they're actually upcycled into next year's topsoil.

    在那,它們實際上循環再造了下一年的表土

  • And this gets us back to the mushrooms.

    這帶我們回到了蘑菇

  • Because in nature,

    因為在大自然中

  • mushrooms are the recycling system.

    蘑菇就是回收系統

  • And what we've discovered

    我們所發現的是

  • is, by using a part of the mushroom you've probably never seen --

    藉由一部份你可能從未見過的蘑菇 --

  • analogous to its root structure; it's called mycelium --

    類似它的根結構。它被稱作菌絲體 --

  • we can actually grow materials

    事實上,我們可以和許多相同傳統屬性的合成纖維

  • with many of the same properties of conventional synthetics.

    一起長出材料來

  • Now, mycelium is an amazing material,

    菌絲是一種異乎尋常的材料

  • because it's a self-assembling material.

    因為它是一種可以自行組合的材料

  • It actually takes things we would consider waste --

    事實上,我們可以考慮一些廢棄材料

  • things like seed husks or woody biomass --

    比如種子外皮或木質生物質

  • and can transform them into a chitinous polymer,

    把轉化成它們成幾丁質聚合物

  • which you can form into almost any shape.

    你可以把它們轉化為任何形態

  • In our process,

    在我們的過程中

  • we basically use it as a glue.

    基本上,我們把它當成膠水

  • And by using mycelium as a glue,

    利用菌絲體作為粘著劑

  • you can mold things just like you do in the plastic industry,

    你可以塑造出你想要的東西,就像在塑膠產業裡

  • and you can create materials with many different properties,

    你可以做出許多不同屬性的材料

  • materials that are insulating, fire-resistant,

    絕緣的、耐火的、

  • moisture-resistant, vapor-resistant --

    耐潮濕、耐水氣的、

  • materials that can absorb impacts, that can absorb acoustical impacts.

    可以吸收聲響的材料

  • But these materials are grown from agricultural byproducts,

    但是這些材料是從農作物生長出來的副產品

  • not petroleum.

    不是石油

  • And because they're made of natural materials,

    此外,由於它們是由自然物質所構成

  • they are 100 percent compostable

    它們可以 100% 分解於

  • in you own backyard.

    你家後院

  • So I'd like to share with you the four basic steps

    我想和你們分享四個

  • required to make these materials.

    製作這些材料的基礎步驟

  • The first is selecting a feedstock,

    首先是選擇原料

  • preferably something that's regional, that's in your area, right --

    最好是地方性的材料,在你周遭附近的材料 --

  • local manufacturing.

    本地製造

  • The next is actually taking this feedstock and putting in a tool,

    接著是把這些材料置於工具中

  • physically filling an enclosure, a mold,

    完全地塞進一個

  • in whatever shape you want to get.

    你想要的形狀的模具裡

  • Then you actually grow the mycelium through these particles,

    接著,你使菌絲體成長,通過這些顆粒

  • and that's where the magic happens,

    在這兒,魔法開始發生了

  • because the organism is doing the work in this process,

    因為在這個過程中,是有機物質在運作著

  • not the equipment.

    而不是設備

  • The final step is, of course, the product,

    最後一個步驟,當然是產品

  • whether it's a packaging material, a table top, or building block.

    無論它是包裝材料、書桌、或建築磚頭

  • Our vision is local manufacturing,

    我們的眼光是本地製造

  • like the local food movement, for production.

    就如同本地食材運動,而這是製造業方面的

  • So we've created formulations for all around the world

    我們為全世界開發了

  • using regional byproducts.

    使用在地農作副產品的方程式

  • If you're in China, you might use a rice husk

    如果你在中國,你可能會使用稻殼

  • or a cottonseed hull.

    或棉籽殼

  • If you're in Northern Europe or North America,

    如果你在北歐或北美

  • you can use things like buckwheat husks or oat hulls.

    你可用蕎麥皮或燕麥殼這些東西

  • We then process these husks with some basic equipment.

    然後,我們以一些基本設備理處理這些稻殼

  • And I want to share with you a quick video from our facility

    我想與你們快速分享一段關於我們設備的影片

  • that gives you a sense of how this looks at scale.

    可以瞭解一下它的規模

  • So what you're seeing here is actually cotton hulls from Texas, in this case.

    所以你們在這裡看到的,事實上是來自德州的棉殼

  • It's a waste product.

    它是廢棄產品

  • And what they're doing in our equipment

    他們在機具裡做的

  • is going through a continuous system,

    是一個持續的系統

  • which cleans, cooks, cools

    可以潔淨、調理、冷卻、

  • and pasteurizes these materials,

    加熱殺菌這些原料

  • while also continuously inoculating them with our mycelium.

    同時他們還不斷與我們的菌絲接種

  • This gives us a continuous stream of material

    這給我們一個連續的材料源

  • that we can put into almost any shape,

    使我們得以做出任何形狀

  • though today we're making corner blocks.

    雖然今天我們正做著角塊

  • And it's when this lid goes on the part,

    當這部份的蓋子掀開後

  • that the magic really starts.

    魔法便開始了

  • Because the manufacturing process is our organism.

    因為製造過程是我們的有機生物

  • It'll actually begin to digest these wastes

    它事實上開始消化這些廢棄物

  • and, over the next five days,

    而且,在接下來的五天

  • assemble them into biocomposites.

    會把它們組織成生物複合材料

  • Our entire facility

    我們的全部設備

  • is comprised of thousands and thousands and thousands of these tools

    都是由這些上千的工具所組成

  • sitting indoors in the dark, quietly self-assembling materials --

    待在黑暗之中,靜靜地自行組合材料

  • and everything from building materials

    所有來自建材的東西

  • to, in this case,

    在這個案例中

  • a packaging corner block.

    是一個一包裝角塊

  • So I've said a number of times that we grow materials.

    所以我已說了許多次,我們種出材料

  • And it's kind of hard to picture how that happens.

    要描述這是如何發生的多少有點難度

  • So my team has taken five days-worth of growth,

    於是我的團隊收取五天的成長

  • a typical growth cycle for us,

    一個典型的成長循環

  • and condensed it into a 15-second time lapse.

    把它濃縮為十五秒的間隔攝影

  • And I want you to really watch closely

    我想要你們更清楚地觀看

  • these little white dots on the screen,

    這些在螢幕前的細小點點

  • because, over the five-day period,

    因為,五天的時間裡

  • what they do is extend out and through this material,

    他們所做的是延長這種材料,

  • using the energy that's contained in these seed husks

    並且使用那些蘊藏在種子殼中的能源

  • to build this chitinous polymer matrix.

    建造出這種幾丁質的聚合物

  • This matrix self-assembles,

    這個混合物會自行組合

  • growing through and around the particles,

    在粒子的周圍生長

  • making millions and millions of tiny fibers.

    製造出好幾百萬的微小纖維

  • And what parts of the seed husk we don't digest,

    而關於那些我們無法消化的種子殼,

  • actually become part of the final, physical composite.

    實際上成了最終物理複合材料的一部份

  • So in front of your eyes, this part just self-assembled.

    因此現在各位眼前的,是自行組合的一部份

  • It actually takes a little longer. It takes five days.

    事實上會花上更長的時間,它需要五天

  • But it's much faster than conventional farming.

    但是卻比傳統的耕種來得迅速許多

  • The last step, of course, is application.

    最後一個步驟,當然是應用的部份了

  • In this case, we've grown a corner block.

    在這個案例中,我們種植一個角塊

  • A major Fortune 500 furniture maker

    財經雜誌全球500大企業中一間家具製造商

  • uses these corner blocks to protect their tables in shipment.

    用這些角塊保護在裝運過程中的桌子

  • They used to use a plastic packaging buffer,

    他們以前習慣使用塑膠包裝

  • but we were able to give them the exact same physical performance

    但我們可以用我們長出來的材料

  • with our grown material.

    給予他們相同的物理性能

  • Best of all, when it gets to the customer,

    最重要的是,當它送達的客戶手裡時

  • it's not trash.

    它不是垃圾

  • They can actually put this in their natural ecosystem without any processing,

    事實上,他們可以把這放到自然生態系統裡,無須任何處置

  • and it's going to improve the local soil.

    而且還可以增進當地的土壤效益

  • So, why mycelium?

    那麼,為什麼是菌絲體呢?

  • The first reason is local open feedstocks.

    第一個原因,它是本地的開放原料

  • You want to be able to do this anywhere in the world

    你要可以在全世界各地製造

  • and not worry about peak rice hull or peak cottonseed hulls,

    而不必擔心稻殼或棉籽的高價

  • because you have multiple choices.

    因為你有多樣的選擇

  • The next is self-assembly,

    接著是自行組合

  • because the organism is actually doing most of the work in this process.

    因為實際上,有機物在這一過程中做了絕大部份的工作

  • You don't need a lot of equipment to set up a production facility.

    你不需要裝設許多機具作為生產設備

  • So you can have lots of small facilities

    所以你可以擁有很多小設施

  • spread all across the world.

    散播到世界各地

  • Biological yield is really important.

    生物產量是非常重要的

  • And because 100 percent of what we put in the tool become the final product,

    而且,我們100%的投入都成為成為最終產品

  • even the parts that aren't digested

    即使那些未被消化的部分

  • become part of the structure,

    也成為結構的一部份

  • we're getting incredible yield rates.

    我們得到驚人的收益率

  • Natural polymers, well ... I think that's what's most important,

    天然聚合物,我認為這是最重要的

  • because these polymers have been tried and tested

    因為這些聚合物

  • in our ecosystem for the last billion years,

    已在我們的生態系統中經歷了億萬年的考驗

  • in everything from mushrooms to crustaceans.

    無論是從蘑菇到甲殼類動物等任何東西

  • They're not going to clog up Earth's ecosystems. They work great.

    它們不會堵塞地球的生態系統,它們一直做得很好

  • And while, today,

    而今天

  • we can practically guarantee that yesterday's packaging

    我們實際上可以保證,昨天的包裝

  • is going to be here in 10,000 years,

    會留在這裡一萬年

  • what I want to guarantee

    我想要保證的是

  • is that in 10,000 years,

    在接下來的一萬年

  • our descendants, our children's children,

    我們的子孫

  • will be living happily and in harmony

    將會幸福和樂地

  • with a healthy Earth.

    住在健康的地球

  • And I think that can be some really good news.

    而我想那應該是個真正的好消息

  • Thank you.

    謝謝

  • (Applause)

    (掌聲)

So, I'd like to spend a few minutes with you folks today

我想和各位度過幾分鐘

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