Professor of Philosophy at the University of Bristol.

布里斯托爾大學哲學教授。

My name's Samir Okasha, I'm Professor of Philosophy of Science

我叫薩米爾-奧卡沙，是科學哲學教授。

in the Philosophy Department, University of Bristol.

在布里斯托爾大學哲學系。

The topic we're going to discuss concerns the status of ethics,

我們要討論的話題是關於道德的現狀。

in particular, objective versus subjective views of ethics.

特別是客觀與主觀的道德觀。

According to the subjective view,

根據主觀看法。

there are no facts of the matter about ethical questions.

倫理問題沒有事實依據。

For example, if someone says "euthanasia is right"

例如，如果有人說"安樂死是對的&quot。

and someone else says "euthanasia is wrong",

而別人卻說"安樂死是錯誤的"。

ultimately, that's a matter of subjective taste, not scientific fact.

歸根結底，這是一個主觀品味的問題，而不是科學事實。

So if that's the case,

所以如果是這樣的話。

why do people think they're having disagreements

為什麼人們認為他們'有意見分歧

that can be resolved by argument?

可以通過論證解決的？

After all, if I say "chocolate ice cream's nice"

畢竟，如果我說"巧克力冰淇淋'不錯&quot。

and you say "No, it isn't",

而你卻說"不，這不是"。

there's nothing more to be discussed

無可奉告

because we acknowledge that each of us is expressing our taste

因為我們承認，我們每個人都在表達自己的品味。

and there's no further fact of the matter.

並沒有更多的事實的問題。

One of the strongest arguments for the subjective view,

主觀觀點的最有力論據之一。

which in part responds to that objection,

其中部分迴應了這一反對意見，

is the fact that different communities around the world at different times

是世界上不同時期不同社區的事實。

have held widely divergent ethical views.

倫理觀點大相徑庭。

Some people have thought, for example, it's OK to perform honour killing

有些人認為，比如說，可以進行名譽殺人。

of young girls who get pregnant out of wedlock.

非婚懷孕少女的比例；

Other communities find that to be an abhorrent thing to do.

其他社區認為這是一件令人憎惡的事情。

And you can think of many examples like that.

這樣的例子你可以想很多。

A natural response to that

對此的自然反應

that the subjective view gives is to say

主觀的觀點所給予的是說

"That's because there's no fact of the matter in the first place".

"那'是因為本來就沒有事實的問題"。

It's a bit like a preference for chocolate ice cream over strawberry.

這有點像喜歡吃巧克力冰淇淋而不是草莓。

There are also widespread divergences

也有廣泛的分歧

in beliefs among different cultures

不同文化間信仰的差異

about matters that we're not tempted to regard as not factual.

關於我們不經意間認為不是事實的事情。

For example, different cultures have disagreed

例如，不同的文化有不同的意見

about whether or not the Earth is round

地球是否是圓的

as opposed to flat

相對於平坦的

or about the origins of the universe of the nature of matter.

或關於物質的本質宇宙的起源。

The difference with the ethical case is that, in those scientific cases,

與倫理案例的不同之處在於，在這些科學案例中。

there's a reasonably agreed-upon method

有一個合理的約定俗成的方法。

for establishing which answer is correct,

用於確定哪個答案是正確的。

even if it's hard sometimes.

即使它'的困難有時。

In the ethical case, there don't seem to be any comparable methods

在倫理方面，似乎沒有任何可比的方法。

to decide whether, for example, euthanasia is or is not morally wrong.

例如，決定安樂死在道德上是否錯誤。

I take your point that we can't do experiments

我明白你的意思，我們不能做實驗。

to find out the answer to ethical questions, however,

來尋找道德問題的答案，但是。

we do have procedures and methods.

我們是有程序和方法的。

One of those methods is the method of rational persuasion which people use

其中一種方法就是人們使用的理性說服法

in attempting to bring others round to their moral point of view.

試圖讓別人接受他們的道德觀點。

So if we think of the Abolitionist Movement

所以，如果我們想到廢奴運動的時候

or the campaign for the emancipation of women,

或婦女解放運動。

in both cases, a large part of their methods

在這兩種情況下，他們的方法有很大一部分是。

were that rational persuasion of other people through argument,

是通過論證理性地說服他人。

so how do you explain what's going on in that process

那你怎麼解釋這個過程中發生了什麼？

from a subjectivist point of view?

從主觀主義的角度看？

It's certainly true that, from a subjective point of view,

當然，從主觀的角度來說，這是事實。

it's difficult to account for the idea

難以啟齒

that we've made moral progress, for example.

比如說，我們'已經取得了道德上的進步。

We all tend to believe that we have made moral progress,

我們都傾向於相信自己在道德上取得了進步。

we've moved from times when slavery was dominant

我們已經從奴隸制占主導地位的時代走到了今天。

to its abolition, say, over a period of a few hundred years -

到廢除，比如說，在幾百年的時間裡------------------------------------------。

and that seems to be progress.

而這似乎是一種進步。

But a subjectivist will say that it doesn't follow

但主觀主義者會說，它不'。

that we've learnt the truth of some factual thing about the world

我們已經知道了世界上一些事實的真相

like slavery is wrong, where we used to think slavery was OK.

就像奴隸制是錯誤的，而我們過去認為奴隸制是可以的。

But a subjectivist will try to account for our sense of moral progress

但主觀主義者會試圖解釋我們的道德進步感。

without appealing to the idea

不求甚解

that it involved apprehending the truth

它涉及到抓捕真相。

about objective moral facts.

關於客觀道德事實。

Yeah, that's interesting. I'm not yet persuaded

是的，這很有趣。我還沒被說服呢 I'm not yet persuaded

that we have a reason to deny

我們有理由拒絕

that there are ethical truths.

有道德真理的存在。