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  • People have been scared of rabies for thousands of years, many times depicting their fear

    數千年來,大家一直很害怕得狂犬病,多次利用

  • in drawings and carvings of menacing dogs.

    描繪或雕刻,表現出他們對凶狠狗類的恐懼。

  • But rabies is scary for more reasons than just a painful bite.

    但比起疼痛的咬傷,狂犬病還有更恐怖的地方。

  • Because once the virus is inside us, it not only destroys our body, but damages our mind,

    因為一旦病毒進入體內,不只會破壞身體,還會對我們的心理造成傷害,

  • and it can happen fast, or lay dormant for years before fatally attacking.

    它可以發生得很快,或是在造成致命傷害前潛伏多年。

  • So how exactly do we get from a dog bite to a complete behavioral change to...death?

    那麼,我們是如何從狗的咬傷,完全轉變成......死亡?

  • The virus that causes rabies is spread through saliva, so the most common way to contract

    導致狂犬病的病毒完全經由唾液傳播,所以最常見感染狂犬病的方式是

  • rabies is through an animal bite, most likely from a dog, bat, raccoon, skunk or fox.

    透過動物的咬傷,最主要是來自狗、蝙蝠、浣熊、臭鼬、或狐狸

  • There have been a few, rare cases of transmission through infected organ donors and an even

    有些罕見的傳染病例是透過,器官捐贈者受感染的器官,甚至更罕見的是

  • rarer instance of a lab accident, but for the most part it comes down to a bite from a rabid animal.

    實驗室事故,但大多情況都是狂犬病動物的咬傷。

  • So even though it's a virus that can infect and kill humans, it's studied considerably in veterinary labs.

    因此,即使它是可以感染和殺死人的病毒,也在獸醫實驗室中得到很大的研究。

  • OK.

    好了。

  • I am Dr. Susan Moore.

    我是蘇珊.摩爾醫生。

  • I'm the laboratory director of the rabies laboratory at Kansas State University, part

    我是堪薩斯州立大學狂犬病實驗室的實驗室主任,

  • of the veterinary diagnostic lab within the vet school here.

    這是校內獸醫診斷實驗室的一部分。

  • We are the largest rabies serology laboratory in the world.

    我們是世界最大的狂犬病血清學實驗室。

  • So the rabies virus is in the family lyssavirus,

    狂犬病是麗沙病毒屬

  • lyssa means rage really.

    狂犬病指的真的是狂怒。

  • So that kind of tells you what this group of viruses are capable of.

    算是告訴你這組病毒的能力。

  • And what they're capable of is causing a very quick and painful death caused by the

    它們的能力就是使病毒進入你的大腦

  • virus making its way into your brain.

    造成相當快速且痛苦的死亡。

  • It's a neurotropic virus.

    它是親神經性病毒。

  • So that means it's preferentially going to infect neural tissue or neural cells.

    這代表它會優先感染神經組織或神經細胞。

  • So when it gets injected into the skin or the muscle, it's not going to replicate all

    在它注入皮膚或肌肉時,無法複製得這麼順利

  • that well but all it needs to do is replicate enough that it can get to that neuromuscular

    但它只需要複製一定的量,來到達神經肌肉接合處

  • junction where that it can go from the muscle cells into the central nervous system.

    在那裡,可以從肌肉細胞進入中樞神經系統。

  • Now, at this point you'd think your immune system would kick in, recognize this dangerous intruder and destroy it.

    此時,你會認為免疫系統開始起作用,將它視為危險的入侵者並摧毀它。

  • But, your immune system doesn't see it.

    但你的免疫系統看不見它。

  • This is thought to be because the virus replicates slowly in the muscle tissue, slow enough not to cause any alarm.

    原因是病毒在肌肉組織中複製得非常慢,慢到不會引起任何警報。

  • This gives it a chance to reach the nervous system, where it hitches a ride up to the

    這使病毒有機會到達神經系統,在那搭便車往上爬到大腦

  • brain and slips through the blood brain barrier.

    並滑過血腦障壁。

  • It's behind this shield where the rabies virus can flourish while still being able

    在這個盾牌後,狂犬病病毒可以活躍起來,

  • to hide from our immune system, because the blood brain barrier evolved to keep dangerous or harmful things out.

    並藏在免疫系統裡,因為血腦障壁的變體會防止危險或有害的東西進入。

  • But sometimes that includes immune cells.

    但有時也包括免疫細胞。

  • In fact, if T cells do get past the blood brain barrier, the rabies virus has evasion

    事實上,如果 T 細胞確實通過血腦障壁,狂犬病病毒就有躲避的方式,

  • techniques where it actually kills the T cells that are coming in.

    其實就會殺死進入的 T 細胞。

  • As the virus replicates in the brain, it starts to mess with the brain's cellular proteins, causing neural dysfunction.

    隨著病毒在大腦複製,它會開始擾亂腦中的細胞蛋白,導致神經功能障礙。

  • This is where certain symptoms of rabies start and how you can tell the infection has fully set in.

    這是狂犬病的某些症狀開始,及完全確定感染的時候。

  • Once the infection has fully set in, it will start traveling back out through the nerves into innervated organs, hair follicles.

    一旦感染完全發生,它會開始透過神經,來回進入受神經支配的器官、毛囊。

  • But again, particularly through to the salivary glands.

    但一樣,特別是通過唾腺。

  • So that it could be transmitted out.

    這樣就可以傳播出來。

  • These neurological symptoms also help the virus transfer to a new host.

    這些神經系統症狀也有助於病毒轉移到新宿主。

  • Hypersalivation ensures there is enough rabies-infected saliva in the optimal transmission location, your mouth.

    唾液分泌過多會讓受狂犬病感染的唾液有足夠的量,位於最佳傳播位置:嘴巴。

  • And hydrophobia, or trouble swallowing, ensures that it stays there.

    而恐水症或是吞嚥困難,要確保它待在那裡。

  • In animals, the aggression can result in an attack on another animal or a human.

    在動物中,這種侵占會導致攻擊別的動物或人類。

  • Put all three of those together and you have a very effective way to ensure the rabies virus is passed on.

    將這三個放在一起,會有個相當有效的方法,來確保狂犬病病毒的傳播。

  • Saliva is the way that rabies is transmitted.

    唾液是狂犬病的傳播方式。

  • The way the virus is adapted, it is not in blood.

    病毒適應這種方式,而不是利用血液。

  • It's not in body fluids.

    它不在體液中。

  • So it has to find a way to be transmitted effectively, right, to perpetuate its existence.

    因此,它必須找到一種有效的傳播方式,讓它永久存在。

  • Now, this neurological damage caused by the infection is the thing that finally tips off the immune system.

    這種由感染引起的神經損傷,最後會告訴免疫系統。

  • However, at this point it's too late.

    然而,這個時間點已經太遲了。

  • Even though your immune system is finally going after the virus, it has already spread throughout the body.

    即使你的免疫系統最後會去對付病毒,但它已遍布全身。

  • After that you have to remember this period is pretty short.

    之後你必須記住這段時間很短。

  • There's just a couple days because then it'll progress into a coma and then death which

    只有幾天而已,因為之後會進入昏迷狀態,然後死亡,

  • is usually due to some kind of organ failure.

    通常是由於某個器官衰竭。

  • But a bite from a rabid animal doesn't always mean certain death.

    但狂犬病動物的咬傷不一定會造成死亡。

  • People who have been exposed to the rabies virus can get a series of shots that can boost

    暴露於狂犬病病毒的人,可以利用一系列的注射來提升免疫系統

  • the immune system and fight off the virus, you just need to get to it before it reaches the brain.

    並抵禦病毒的攻擊,只需要在病毒到達大腦前注射。

  • So surviving rabies is all about timing and the location where you get bit.

    因此,免於狂犬病的關鍵是時間和你被咬的位置。

  • Where you get bit.

    你哪邊被咬。

  • It plays a big role.

    非常重要。

  • So since the virus has to travel through the nerve system, the closer, and get to the brain,

    由於病毒必須透過神經系統傳播,所以越接近大腦,

  • the closer that bite is to the brain, the better for the virus.

    被咬的位置越接近大腦,就對病毒越有利。

  • Bats are a danger for that reason that it's going to be biting probably around

    蝙蝠很危險,因為它可能會咬

  • your head or your hands. But also you don't notice a bat bite because the teeth are so small

    你的頭或手。 但你也不會注意到蝙蝠的咬傷,因為牙齒很小,

  • and they are so small.

    傷口也很小。

  • Maybe.

    也許說

  • You have a bat on your shoulder and you don't know it.

    你的肩膀被蝙蝠咬到,但你都不知道。

  • You just looked on your shoulder, didn't you?

    你剛看了一下你的肩膀,沒錯吧?

People have been scared of rabies for thousands of years, many times depicting their fear

數千年來,大家一直很害怕得狂犬病,多次利用

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