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  • It's AumSum Time

  • How do miracle fruits work?

  • By performing miracles.

  • No.

  • Miracle fruit is a red berry also known as Synsepalum dulcificum.

  • The fantastic quality about this berry is that after eating it.

  • Acidic foods which should be sour, taste sweet.

  • The secret behind this is a protein called Miraculin found in these fruits.

  • However, experts are not sure how miraculin actually works.

  • But there are three popular theories.

  • First theory states that miraculin temporarily suppresses sour taste receptors.

  • Hence, when we eat acidic foods, they dont taste sour.

  • Second theory states that miraculin rewires the sweet receptors.

  • Such that they begin to identify acids as sugars.

  • Thus making sour foods taste sweet.

  • Whereas third theory states that acids cause miraculin to change its shape.

  • Causing it to bind to the sweet receptors more strongly.

  • Making them over activated, producing a sweet taste.

  • Neutralization reaction.

  • How to treat a bee sting?

  • Hey.

  • Hold On.

  • Do not go near that honeycomb.

  • Please listen to me.

  • It is quite dangerous.

  • Fine.

  • Go ahead.

  • See, I told you.

  • Okay.

  • Now, do not worry.

  • Put this baking soda solution on the bee stung area.

  • You got some relief, right?

  • Do you know why you got relief?

  • This happened because a neutralization reaction took place.

  • When we applied baking soda on the stung area.

  • The venom of a honey bee contains formic acid.

  • When it stings us, it injects that acid into our skin.

  • Formic acid causes immense pain and irritation.

  • However, when we apply baking soda solution, which is a mild base, on the stung area.

  • It neutralizes the formic acid and cancels its effect.

  • As a result, the sensation of pain and irritation decreases and we get some relief.

  • Such a reaction between an acid and a base is called neutralization.

  • In neutralization, both acidic and basic solutions neutralize the effect of each other.

  • The nature of both acids and bases gets destroyed.

  • Hey, Wait.

  • What are you doing?

  • Do not tease that insect.

  • It is not a honey bee.

  • It looks similar to a honey bee but it is a bit longer.

  • It is called a wasp.

  • At least this time listen to me.

  • Okay.

  • Don't listen and bear the consequences.

  • Applying the baking soda is not going to help.

  • See, nothing is happening.

  • I will tell you what to do.

  • Pour this vinegar on the stung area, you will get some relief.

  • Why do you think the baking soda solution did not help in this case?

  • Earlier, in case of the honey bee, we learnt that its venom is acidic.

  • Hence, baking soda, being a basic solution helped to neutralize the effect.

  • Now, in case of a wasp, the nature of its venom is basic.

  • When it stings us, it injects that venom into our skin.

  • This venom causes us pain and itching.

  • Now, baking soda is also a basic solution.

  • Hence, it will not provide any sort of relief.

  • However, when we pour vinegar, which is a mild acid, on the stung area.

  • The acid, that is, vinegar and the base, that is, the wasp's venom get neutralized.

  • As a result, the sensation of pain and itching decreases and we feel better.

  • Metals and acids.

  • Why is curd not stored in copper containers?

  • Hey wait.

  • What are you doing?

  • Do not eat that curd.

  • It was stored in a copper container.

  • Please listen.

  • Fine, then bear the consequences.

  • I had warned you.

  • Do you know why this happened?

  • This happened because curd contains lactic acid in it.

  • When curd is stored in containers made up of metals like copper or brass.

  • The lactic acid present in it, reacts with the metal and forms metallic salts.

  • These metallic salts are harmful.

  • They make the curd unfit for human consumption.

  • Therefore, to prevent metals from reacting with acids present in food.

  • The metal containers are coated with a thin layer of tin.

  • Tin is also a metal.

  • However, it does not react with acids as rapidly as other metals do.

  • Thus keeping the food in the container safe.

  • Sublimation.

  • Why do mothballs disappear over time?

  • You have a nice collection of clothes.

  • But have you kept mothballs to protect them?

  • Yes.

  • I had kept them a few months back below these clothes.

  • Oh no.

  • Where did the mothballs go?

  • I had placed them right here.

  • Did you steal them?

  • No, no.

  • I have not stolen anything.

  • Mothballs disappear over time.

  • Do you know why?

  • It is because of a process called sublimation.

  • During sublimation, a solid on heating, converts directly into vapor.

  • Without passing through the intermediate liquid state.

  • Do not lie.

  • How is that even possible?

  • See, I also hid a burger here many days ago.

  • It did not disappear.

  • Oh gross.

  • Just throw that burger in the dustbin.

  • Not all substances sublimate.

  • Mothballs are made up of naphthalene.

  • Naphthalene has very weak intermolecular forces.

  • Because of these weak forces, the mothball which is made up of naphthalene sublimates.

  • It changes its state from solid to vapor.

  • Now, this vapor is either absorbed by the fabric or it escapes into the atmosphere.

  • Causing the mothballs to disappear over time.

  • Wavelength.

  • Why red is used as a danger signal?

  • Oh well, becasue my teacher said so.

  • As usual, you are wrong.

  • The major reason for red to be used as a danger signal is its wavelength.

  • Yes, I know.

  • Wavelength is the distance between two sea waves.

  • No.

  • In the wave theory of light,

  • The distance between successive crests or troughs is called wavelength.

  • Longer the wavelength, lesser will be the scattering of light.

  • Now, among the colors of visible light, red has the longest wavelength.

  • Hence, it is least scattered by the atmospheric particles.

  • As a result whether it is fog or smoke, red light passes comparatively easily through them.

  • Thus, it can be seen from maximum distance.

  • Making red color the right choice to convey any danger.

  • Auroras.

  • Why are auroras formed?

  • Maybe because the earth forgets to switch off the lights.

  • No.

  • Let me explain.

  • Our sun is a giant burning star.

  • It expels tons of solar wind into space.

  • Solar wind consists of super hot charged particles which are fatal.

  • So, should we use a big umbrella to protect ourselves from these particles?

  • No.

  • The earth's magnetic field acts like a shield and protects us.

  • Its field lines appear to emerge from the south pole and merge into the north pole.

  • Now, when the charged particles hit our magnetic field, most of them get deflected.

  • However, some of them flow along the earth's magnetic field lines to the poles.

  • Thus reach our upper atmosphere.

  • Here, these particles collide with oxygen and nitrogen.

  • This causes them to give off various colors of light which are called auroras.

  • Human bones.

  • How does a bone heal?

  • Simple, by a bandage.

  • No.

  • Bones are one of the most important parts of our body.

  • They not only provide structural support but also produce red blood cells.

  • What?

  • Our bones produce red blood cells?

  • Absolutely.

  • Hence, when we crack or break a bone, it is very important to heal it.

  • In the healing process, cells called chondrocytes produce collagen which forms cartilage.

  • This cartilage bridges the gap between the broken bones, thus producing a soft callus.

  • Then, special cells called osteoblasts create a hard bony callus using collagen.

  • Minerals like calcium and phosphorus, thus forming our new bone.

  • However, this new bone is irregular in shape.

  • Hence, cells called osteoclasts start remodelling the bone.

  • Resulting in the formation of bone similar to the original shape.

  • Dandruff.

  • Why do we get dandruff?

  • Tearing of pages.

  • No.

  • Dandruff is a condition in which our scalp sheds skin cells in the form of white flakes.

  • A yeast called Malassezia globosa, is one of the mostly accepted reasons for causing dandruff.

  • What a classy name it has.

  • Indeed.

  • Malassezia globosa is naturally present on our scalp.

  • It feeds on sebum and releases oleic acid.

  • Now, some people are sensitive to this oleic acid.

  • When it penetrates into the upper layers of their skin, it causes inflammation.

  • Hence, in response to this inflammation.

  • Their skin sheds a large number of skin cells at a higher rate.

  • These cells then join together forming white flakes, thus causing dandruff.

  • Why do we stretch in the morning?

  • So that we can sleep for two more hours.

  • No.

  • Wait, I will explain.

  • When we wake up in the morning, we yawn and stretch our arms and legs.

  • This coordinated yawning and stretching is referred to as pandiculation.

  • I thought it is referred to as calculation.

  • Just listen.

  • When we are asleep, we do not perform any activities.

  • Hence, our heart rate becomes slow and the blood flow is decreased.

  • Also, as many people lie in the same position for long hours.

  • Their muscles become stiff and tight.

  • Thus, a good stretch in the morning awakens our body.

  • It brings our heart rate back to normal, improving the blood flow to various body parts.

  • Stretching also loosens and realigns our stiff muscles.

  • Making them more flexible and ready for the day ahead.

  • Why does hot air balloon float?

  • Because it has invisible wings.

  • No.

  • It is because of density.

  • Density is the measure of mass present per unit volume.

  • Lesser the density, lighter will be the object.

  • Now, density varies with temperature.

  • Oh.

  • It is so complicated.

  • Alright.

  • I will explain.

  • When a hot air balloon is on ground.

  • The air inside and outside the balloon is of same temperature and density.

  • However, when we turn on the burner of the balloon.

  • The air inside the balloon starts getting hot.

  • The molecules of air move faster and spread apart, taking up more space.

  • Hence, the air inside the balloon becomes less dense than the air outside.

  • As less dense air is lighter, the hot air balloon rises and thus, begins to float.

  • Why does airplane food taste bad?

  • I do not know.

  • Wait, I will explain.

  • Our ability to perceive taste is affected by a few factors such as humidity, air pressure, etc.

  • In an airplane, the humidity is less as compared to that on the ground.

  • This makes the air in the airplane quite dry.

  • Also, to maintain the air pressure inside and outside the airplane.

  • The air pressure inside it is decreased.

  • Decreased air pressure and dry air, dries our nose and mouth.

  • Dry nose cannot properly smell odors.

  • Yes.

  • I am not abe to smell the burger.

  • Now, smell of food helps us to understand the flavor and ingredients of the food.

  • Thus, the food which we cannot smell properly appears unappealing.

  • Also, dry mouth reduces the sensitivity of our taste buds.

  • As a result, we cannot perceive the taste of food properly.

  • Why do dogs lick their wounds?

  • Dogs including animals like cats, chimpanzees, rodents, etc.

  • Do not have access to a proper medical treatment.

  • Hence, a little licking helps to heal and clean the wound.

  • What?

  • But how?

  • When dogs lick, they apply saliva on their wounds.

  • This saliva has antiviral and antibacterial compounds like an enzyme called lysozyme.

  • Lysozyme destroys cell walls of certain bacteria and helps kill them, thus preventing infection.

  • The saliva also contains a protein called tissue factor.

  • Which promotes blood clotting and thus stops bleeding.

  • Besides this, licking also removes dirt from the wound.

  • So, dogs should always lick their wounds.

  • No.

  • Excess licking is not beneficial.

  • This is because a dog's saliva can also contain harmful pathogens.

  • They could aggravate the wound and make it more painful.

  • Hence, nowadays, dogs are made to wear an Elizabethan collar to prevent them from licking.

  • What causes wrinkles?

  • A witch's potion.

  • No.

  • Our skin consists of two important proteins called collagen and elastin.

  • Collagen keeps our skin firm and tight.

  • While elastin gives our skin flexibility and elasticity.

  • It allows our skin to stretch, twist and contract.

  • Just like an elastic rubber band, right?

  • Absolutely.

  • But as we age, our skin produces less collagen and elastin.

  • Hence, our skin no longer remains firm.

  • It begins to lose elasticity.

  • As a result, our skin droops, thus causing wrinkles.

  • Moreover, there are some factors that can cause early wrinkling.

  • One of them is UV radiation of the sun.

  • Long term exposure to UV radiation can cause collagen and elastin to break down faster than normal.

  • Thus causing wrinkles in early age.

  • Besides this, smoking and poor nutrition may also contribute to early wrinkling.

  • A bear walks around a house that has four walls.

  • All the walls face south.

  • Can you guess the color of the bear?

  • What kind of question is that?

  • How is the color of a bear linked to a house?

  • Think.

  • I have no idea man.

  • The color of the bear is white.

  • Confused?

  • Obviously.

  • Let me explain.

  • The Earth is a sphere.

  • At any point on the Earth, any direction will point towards the antipode.

  • Will point directly opposite on the sphere.

  • Now, when the house is exactly at the north pole.

  • Every direction will point directly opposite to the north pole on the sphere, which is south.

  • That is why all the walls face south.

  • Now, in the north pole, we can only find polar bears which are white in color.

  • Hence, the color of the bear is white.

  • How do antacids work?

  • They do not work.

  • They are unemployed.

  • You are unbelievable.

  • When we eat food, our stomach secretes hydrochloric acid.

  • This acid helps to digest food.

  • However, sometimes when excess acid is produced.

  • It rises from the stomach and reaches the esophagus or throat causing acidity or heartburn.

  • Now, in order to neutralize the acid, we take an antacid.

  • Antacids work on a simple chemistry principle, acid plus alkali produces salt and water.

  • Hey.

  • I am really weak in Mathematics.

  • Do not worry.

  • I will explain it to you.

  • Antacids contain alkalis like calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide.

  • When we take an antacid.

  • The alkali reacts with the hydrochloric acid present in ourthroat and stomach.

  • Forming salt and water, and thus, neutralizing the acid.

  • In this way, antacids give us relief from heartburn or acidity.

  • Why do our teeth turn yellow?

  • Because our teeth need some color in their lives.

  • No.

  • Our teeth basically consist of three parts.

  • The outermost part is enamel.

  • Enamel is white in color.

  • Beneath the enamel, there is dentine.

  • It is yellow in color.

  • Then comes the part called pulp, which has blood vessels and nerves.

  • Is this the same pulp found in our fruit juices?

  • No.

  • Please concentrate.

  • When we drink or eat acidic fruits and beverages like lemon, orange juice, soft drinks, etc.

  • They erode or wear away the enamel.

  • Exposing the yellow dentine and thus, making teeth appear yellow.

  • However, did you know that some people's teeth are naturally yellowish?

  • This is because in such people, the layer of enamel is thin.

  • Causing the yellow color of the dentine to appear more clearly.

  • Making their teeth appear naturally yellow.

  • Why do we have different time zones?

  • Bcause we have different watches.

  • No.

  • Our earth rotates on its own axis.

  • Due to this rotation, different parts of the earth receive different amounts of sunlight.

  • Thus causing morning, noon, evening and night.

  • Now, if we had one time zone, then 12 pm would be noon at some places.

  • But it would be night or evening at other places which would be inconvenient.

  • Hence, scientists made different time zones

  • According to the earth's rotation with respect to the sun.

  • But how?

  • The earth makes one full 360 degrees rotation in 24 hours.

  • This means in one hour, the earth moves by 15 degrees.

  • Using this information, scientist divided the planet into 24 sections or time zones.

  • Each section or region was about 15 degrees wide and had a specific standard time.

  • This helped us know the proper time of the day in that part of the earth.

  • Why do snakes have forked tongue?

  • Just for fashion.

  • No.

  • Even though snakes have noses.

  • They smell odors of their prey, mate or surroundings.

  • With the help of their tongue and vomeronasal organ.

  • Each time a snake flicks its tongue in air, it collects odor particles.

  • Then when the tongue is brought back.

  • The particles are transferred to the vomeronasal organ.

  • This organ detects the odors and sends signals to the brain, helping the snake smell.

  • That is interesting.

  • Now, we know that when we see with our two separate eyes.

  • Our brain combines the two different perspectives and makes a detailed image of our surrounding.

  • Similarly, because the tongue of a snake is forked.

  • It collects odor particles from two different locations.

  • Helping the snake understand in which direction the odor is coming from.

  • Thus, making it easier to locate the prey.

  • Why is it hard to cure HIV or AIDS?

  • HIV or human immunodeficiency virus infects the cells of immune system.

  • Causing them to produce more copies of the virus and then eventually die.

  • When too many immune cells of our body die.

  • Our immune system is unable to fight off diseases.

  • Then we are said to have AIDS or Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

  • Now, coming back to the question.

  • It is hard to cure HIV or AIDS because HIV has the ability to mutate extremely quickly.

  • Hence, a drug which is somewhat effective on a patient suffering from HIV or AIDS.

  • Might not work on another patient because of the mutated HIV.

  • Now, there are certain antiretroviral drugs.

  • That prevent the cells from producing new copies of HIV.

  • Thus controlling the HIV levels in our body.

  • But, it is hard to completely eradicate HIV.

  • Because the virus integrates its DNA into our cell's DNA.

  • Hence, if we stop taking the drugs.

  • The DNA of the virus can again cause the cell to produce copies of the virus

  • Thus, we are unable to control the level of HIV infected cells in our body.

  • Why does it feel so good to scratch an itch?

  • Because scratching gives us new ideas.

  • Oh no.

  • When there is an allergic reaction or when insects like mosquito bite.

  • The itch receptors of that region send itch signals to the brain.

  • Now, as a protective response, we scratch the itch.

  • In order to remove or dislodge the insect or whatever is on the skin that is causing the itch.

  • In addition to this, scratching also helps reduce the itch sensation.

  • But how?

  • Scratching activates pain receptors.

  • So, the idea is that when we scratch.

  • The neurons in the spinal cord transfer pain signals instead of itch signals to the brain.

  • When the pain signals reach the brain, it releases a neurotransmitter called serotonin.

  • Which is a happiness related chemical to make us feel good and thus, dull the pain.

  • In this way, scratching an itch makes us feel good.

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奇蹟果實是如何工作的?| 奇妙果的功效是什麼? (How do Miracle Fruits work? | #aumsum)

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    AumSum 發佈於 2021 年 01 月 14 日
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