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  • Hi, I'm Ed Hope, a junior doctor in the UK

  • and welcome to my channel, Sick Notes

  • where I explained medical things in simple terms like

  • the other week I looked at the medical anime Cells at Work

  • and not only did the show blow me away

  • but your response to the video did as well

  • over a million views in a few days

  • guys thank you so, so much for all the support

  • So it's only fair that I check out episode number two

  • of Cells at Work

  • [anime plays - Japanese audio]

  • So, we're following our red blood cell again

  • as she carries the oxygen around the body

  • and she's lost, like she spent most of the first episode

  • and we met them briefly before

  • but we get properly introduced to the very cute platelets

  • The medical term for them is the thrombocytes

  • "THROMBO" because they're involved in creating a thrombus-

  • That's what we call a blood clot

  • - and CYTE is a name we give to any mature cell

  • [Japanese audio continues]

  • So in this depiction they're little kids

  • and this ties in because platelets are actually very tiny

  • about a third of the size of a red blood cells

  • That's because their job is to really plug the small gaps

  • when a thrombus forms.

  • And this episode is called a scrape wound

  • so we're probably going to find out all about how they work and everything they're carrying as well

  • Aw, I like that the platelet calls the red blood cell "Big Sister"

  • because this is entirely accurate

  • because the two are related in the kind of family tree

  • of blood cells

  • So they share the same ancestry of cells all produced

  • in the center of the bones, what we call the bone marrow

  • in a process we call hematopoiesis

  • Quite literally means "production of blood"

  • So we have our stems cells in

  • the bone marrow

  • You've probably heard of these in lots of medical research because they've got the

  • ability to turn into lots of different cell types.

  • One of these cell types is the myeloid progenitor cells

  • quite a long word!

  • And in turn, they can develop into lots of different cells as well

  • So we have the erythrocyte

  • the red blood cell,

  • so one our of fan favorites in Cells at Work.

  • ERYTHRO means red and CYTE, as we said earlier,

  • is a mature cell.

  • The myeloid progenitor cell can also turn into a megakaryocyte

  • which sounds like something out power rangers, doesn't it?

  • I'll draw our megakaryocyte here

  • And this is the cell that produces platelets

  • Strictly speaking, platelets themselves

  • are not cells, they're just fragments

  • broken up from these big megakaryocyte

  • So when the red blood cell and the platelets refer to themselves

  • as sisters, you know, they pretty much are

  • And also just to complete the picture, this myeloid progenitor cell

  • can also turn into our favorite ...

  • The neutrophil

  • So they're kinda all

  • one big happy family

  • So this is our scrape wound, uh

  • it's much more radical than I expected

  • I mean the whole city, representing the skin,

  • has been damaged, but this kinda fits right? Anyone that's

  • had a scrape wound or an abrasion before will know that

  • it takes a long time to heal actually

  • you'll notice some discoloration for awhile, sometimes

  • you'll be permanently left with some kind of scar, so

  • maybe I underestimated - obviously these guys are very small

  • so even small injuries are gonna have big effects

  • on individual cells

  • There he is, the man! I'm not sure white blood cells quite

  • do this with red blood cells, but you know

  • creative license

  • Okay so in the first episode we had to deal with

  • one bacterium, the streptococcus pneumoniae

  • and in this one we have to deal with

  • a whole bunch, 'cause one of the functions

  • of the skin is to be a physical barrier between the outside

  • world and your bodies, so if that gets broken, then any

  • bacteria that's just normally

  • happily living on our skin, that doesn't effect us, can then get under

  • the skin and begin to proliferate

  • and cause an infection

  • like we see all these nasties here

  • And the classic example of a bacterium that normally lives on our skin

  • and doesn't cause any problems is staphlyococcus aureus

  • and its really well represented here

  • so the staphlyococcus, remember I talked about in the last video

  • means it forms these grape like colonies

  • We can see that the shape they've made the bacterium

  • kind of represents that

  • And aureus means gold or yellow-y color

  • that's obviously why they've picked this color

  • because staphlyococcus aureus has this kind of pigment

  • A gold yellow-y pigment that's part of its

  • defense mechanism that makes it

  • harder for the immune system to break down the bacteria

  • I love that.

  • Its a great sort of visual depiction

  • and explanation of vasoconstriction

  • so when our arteries become more narrow

  • during acute blood loss to stop blood from getting lost

  • Some of the really scary massive bleeds

  • I've seen as an emergency doctor, you get an idea

  • of the scale that the body can shut down peripherally when it needs to

  • So the patient would go look very pale and very cold

  • and although that's what you want your body to do

  • because you want to preserve all the blood

  • for the important organs

  • for a doctor that makes your job more difficult

  • in treating the patient because, you know, we want

  • to get access into the veins to try and give blood and fluids

  • and that's more difficult when the veins are kind of shutting down

  • So streptococcus pyogenes

  • So pyogenes means puss

  • presumably because this bacteria causes

  • lots of puss when it infects, and

  • pseudomonas!

  • I always wondered what these two bacteria looked like close up

  • When we meet streptococcus pyogenes here

  • its tail is made up of all these

  • little blobs connected together, I think that represents

  • the streptococcus colony

  • formation of this chain

  • that we talked about in the last episode

  • It does make you think, because you have these colonies

  • of bacteria on your skin, that when you do get a trauma

  • and they get in to the body, this

  • exact thing is happening, you know

  • not quite as bad ass and

  • dramatic, but your immune system is doing its job

  • it is fighting these bugs

  • Its a pretty amazing thing to happen

  • just so that all your other cells can carry on living

  • And so that they can carry on making you, you!

  • I'm not quite sure what all these other nasties are, the other

  • bacterium, but maybe we'll find out in later episodes

  • I'm judging at how much care and attention has gone into this show

  • No doubt they are based on some kind

  • of pathogen - maybe we'll find out in later episodes

  • I don't know of any of them that produce these kinds of

  • stick like projections, but let me know

  • in the comments if you do

  • So the ability to communicate between cells

  • totally happens, and you might think

  • how does that happen? Because these neutrophils as we learnt in the first

  • episode are migrating cells, so they can't really use things like

  • the nervous system to communicate to each other

  • well they use chemical messengers

  • that we call cytokines. so CYTO

  • meaning cells, as we talked about earlier, and KINES meaning

  • kinetic, because these cytokines are when a cell

  • produces them, draw other cells to that area

  • so that would be what would be going on here

  • So the staphylococcus aureus

  • has clearly done her microbiology class, discussing

  • all the immune cells and their kind of rough timelines

  • in fighting infection

  • Aw, so we have the platelets come to the rescue

  • and we see the blood clotting here

  • what we kind of thought we'd see at the beginning of the episode

  • essentially the blood clotting is a

  • load of chemical reactions that turn something that's soluble

  • in water, fibrinogen, so it can be transported around the body

  • to fibren, something insoluble

  • that forms this kind of net that we can see that covers

  • up the clot

  • Then lots of stuff gets stuck in that net

  • like the platelets and other cells to form a kind of plug

  • and to stop any blood-

  • any more blood from coming out of the blood vessel

  • Aw, we got a little bit of a brewing love story between the red

  • blood cell and the white blood cell

  • I feel bad telling you that... this stuff doesn't happen

  • And I like her little curved piece of hair she has here

  • I wonder if that's something relevant or not

  • That's right, I've been reading the comments

  • So they do show the plug that the fibrin sticks everything to in the end

  • So very good! Bravo!

  • Aw man, that's another fantastic episode

  • I hope you guys enjoyed my thoughts on it

  • I mean the show does such a great job with explaining

  • the medical science

  • Anyway, but if you want me to look at more episodes, then please give

  • this video a thumbs up and a comment

  • and subscribe to the channel as well because then you'll be notified

  • when I do the next one

  • Just, again, thank you so much for all the support on the first video

  • I was absolutely blown away by the response

  • and I really appreciate it, so I'll keep doing

  • as much content as I can, so

  • until next time

  • I'll see you soon

Hi, I'm Ed Hope, a junior doctor in the UK

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真正的醫生對工作中的細胞!// 第2集//"刮傷" (Real DOCTOR reacts to CELLS AT WORK! // Episode 2 // "Scrape Wound")

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